海底地形数据组织与可视化选取技术

海洋测绘数据信息化是构建智慧海洋的基础, 而海底地形数据是海洋测绘数据中的重要内容。为更加便捷和高效地 管理与利用地形数据, 本文结合工程实际需求, 研发了海底地形数据管理平台。首先, 基于海底地形数据的特点, 提出多分 辨率海底地形组织模型, 对不规则区域的海底地形进行多分辨率模型构建, 实现了对多波束实测数据的组织管理; 在此基础 上, 提出了多尺度海底地形分级渲染优化算法与海底地形数据空间截取算法, 利用分级渲染与数据裁剪算法实现对海底地形 数据的可视化表达预览和选取服务; 最后, 以典型的多波束测深数据为例, 基于研发平台完成了数据从存储 、组织管理到可 视化预览选取的一体化管理与服务, 验证了本文算法的可靠性与实用性, 同时可为海底地形数据管理服务提供一定参考。     

Terrestrial surface-area increment: the effects of topography,DEM resolution,and algorithm

The area increment of land surface compared with its projected area is an effect of topographic relief and is also a source of environmental variations. To examine the effects of topography and data resolution on surface area calculation, we calculated incremental area coefficients (IACs), based on two different algorithms, for a DEM of China at a series of spatial resolutions. Sampling the DEM with a regional network of 50?km?×?50?km cell size, we explored the relationships among the two IACs and topographic features. Both IACs studied were exponential functions of resolution. At 30-m resolution, the IACs were 4.31 and 4.89% over China, respectively. The largest increment for a 50?km?×?50?km cell was >45%. Between the IACs there was a linear relationship that varied with DEM resolution. Hierarchical variation partitioning revealed that the factors included contributed in a very similar percentage composition to the two IACs, mean slope (37.5 or 38.7%) and standard deviation of slope (22.3 or 19.6%) at local scale dominated the area increment, followed by regional elevation range. Data resolution contributed about 10%, while the deviation of slope exposure only had minimal (1.4 or 1.7%) impact on surface-area increment. For a specific type of geomorphology, a threshold resolution of DEM can be determined, below which the surface-area increment (i.e., IAC) is negligible. Our results provided the first comprehensive estimate of the contributions of the topographic features, DEM resolution, and algorithms for the surface-area increment, and indicated the scale-related properties and potential environmental consequences of topographic heterogeneity in various estimates of natural resources and ecosystem functions when area needs to be taken into account.     

我国西南地区干湿季降水的主模态分析

利用我国西南地区26个台站降水资料,通过经验正交函数（EOF）分解的方法,分析了1980～2009年该地区干季（10～4月）和湿季（5～9月）降水的主模态。我国西南地区干季降水的时空变化存在两种主模态,它们分别可以解释总方差的22.4%和15.6%。第1主模态为全区一致型,具有准两年周期振荡的年际变化特征;第2主模态为东南—西北反向型,从20世纪90年代中期至21世纪初呈现2～3年的变化周期。我国西南地区湿季降水的时空变化存在三种主模态,它们分别可以解释总方差的17.1%,13.8%和11.1%。第1主模态为全区一致型,20世纪90年代初期具有较强的2～4年周期;第2主模态为经向偶极子型分布,并具有显著的4年周期;第3主模态为纬向偶极子型分布,具有2～4年的年际变化信号。进一步利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料以及美国国家海洋和大气管理局（NOAA）的海表面温度（SST）资料,通过合成分析和回归分析的方法探讨了与干湿季降水各主模态对应的大尺度大气环流和海温状况。我国西南地区干季降水第1主模态与北极涛动（AO）有明显的正相关关系,对应的大气环流和海温状况表现为高纬北冰洋与中纬度地区上空高度场的反向异常分布,北大西洋和北太平洋海温低纬与中高纬的偶极子型异常分布;第2主模态与中高纬欧亚大陆上空高度场经向偶极子型异常分布有关,中纬度北太平洋的海温异常与该模态具有紧密的联系。我国西南地区湿季降水第1主模态与北大西洋涛动（NAO）显著负相关,对应的大气环流和海温状况表现为北大西洋上,高纬度与中纬度地区上空高度场的偶极子型异常分布,海温从低纬到中高纬的三极子型异常分布;第2主模态受欧亚大陆上空高度场经向三极子型异常分布影响,并与北太平洋海温异常的一致型分布有关;第3主模态可能与El Ni?o Modoki有关,同时受到南亚高压的影响,赤道太平洋海温的纬向三极子型异常分布对该模态具有一定的潜在预报意义。     

机载激光测深技术

首先基于海水的光学特性介绍了机载激光测深原理,然后根据国内外的研究现状介绍了机载激光测深系统的性能指标和系统构成,最后介绍了在海底地形测量、障碍物探测、近岸海洋工程建设等方面的应用。为从事机载激光测深系统研发和应用的技术人员提供相关原理和背景参考。     

大尺度环流的年代际变化对初夏华南持续性暴雨的影响

利用1961-2010年中国逐日降水数据和NCEP/NCAR逐日再分析资料集,研究了大尺度环流的年代际变化对不同频发年代华南持续性暴雨的影响。结果表明,虽然过去50年里华南持续性暴雨的发生存在两个频发时段(20世纪60年代中期到70年代中期、20世纪90年代初到2010年),其典型环流配置都表现为中高纬度冷空气和低纬度充沛水汽的配合,但不同频发时段的大尺度环流配置明显不同,这种配置使得两个频发时段的暴雨发生特点有所不同,最近20年的暴雨发生次数更多,强度更强,持续时间更长。在频发的1964-1976年,高纬度的冷空气主要来自西西伯利亚上空深厚的低槽前部,而此时南亚高压偏弱,西太平洋副热带高压偏弱、偏东,低纬度的水汽主要来自孟加拉湾印缅低压槽前,可降水量偏小,但垂直速度较大,水汽辐合较旺盛,华南上空大气环流较不稳定;在频发的1991-2010年,鄂霍次克海上空附近的高压脊活跃,高纬度冷空气主要来自高压后部,低纬度西太平洋副热带高压偏强,位置偏西,其西北侧的水汽源源不断输送到华南上空,故可降水量增多,伴随着强大的南亚高压提供的良好的高层辐散条件,华南上空垂直速度增大,水汽辐合明显,强有利的环流配置导致1991-2010年华南持续性暴雨强度更大、范围更广。因此,大气环流的年代际转型使得华南持续性暴雨发生了巨大改变,故在未来做预测时应充分考虑不同年代际环流背景场对华南持续性暴雨的重要影响。     

腾格里沙漠不同类型沙丘土壤水分含量与地形-植被因子关系研究

土壤水分是沙区主要的生态限制因子,其分布受气候、地形和植被等众多因素的影响。以腾格里沙漠沙坡头地区3种类型的沙丘（固定沙丘、半固定沙丘和流动沙丘）为研究对象,利用方差分析和冗余分析（RDA）等方法对沙丘不同部位和不同深度土壤水分的分布特征及其与地形-植被因子之间的关系进行了综合分析。结果表明：（1） 不同类型沙丘上0~300 cm的土壤水分随着深度的增加而增加,表层土壤水分的波动程度大于中层和深层。（2） 固定沙丘不同部位及不同深度的土壤水分之间没有明显的差异,半固定沙丘和流动沙丘迎风坡与丘底的土壤水分高于背风坡和丘顶。（3） 固定沙丘上的土壤水分受地形-植被因子的影响较半固定沙丘和流动沙丘小,影响固定沙丘土壤水分的主要因子有坡向、高差和灌木多度。（4） 地形-植被因子与研究区绝大多数半固定沙丘和流动沙丘的土壤水分均有负相关关系。研究揭示了腾格里沙漠土壤水分的分布规律及其与地形-植被因子的关系,对制定相应的防风固沙措施以及建立科学合理的植物固沙模式有积极的指导作用。     

Towards a 4D topographic view of the Norwegian sea margin

The present-day topography/bathymetry of the Norwegian mainland and passive margin is a product of complex interactions between large-scale tectonomagmatic and climatic processes that can be traced back in time to the Late Silurian Caledonian Orogeny. The isostatic balance of the crust and lithosphere was clearly influenced by orogenic thickening during the Caledonian Orogeny, but was soon affected by post-orogenic collapse including overprinting of the mountain root, and was subsequently affected by a number of discrete extensional events eventually leading to continental break-up in Early Eocene time. In the mid-Jurassic the land areas experienced deep erosion in the warm and humid climate, forming a regional paleic surface. Rift episodes in the Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous, with differential uplift along major fault zones, led to more pronounced topographic contrasts during the Cretaceous, and thick sequences of clastic sediments accumulated in the subsiding basins on the shelf. Following renewed extension in the Late Cretaceous, a new paleic surface developed in the Paleocene. Following break-up the margin has largely subsided thermally, but several Cenozoic shortening events have generated positive contraction structures. On the western side of the on-shore drainage divide, deeper erosion took place along pre-existing weakness zones, creating the template of the present day valleys and fjords. In the Neogene the mainland and large portions of the Barents Sea were uplifted. It appears that this uplift permitted ice caps to nucleate and accumulate during the Late Pliocene northern hemisphere climatic deterioration. The Late Pliocene to Pleistocene glacial erosion caused huge sediment aprons to be shed on to the Norwegian Sea and Barents Sea margins. Upon removal of the ice load the landmass adjusted isostatically, and this still continues today.     

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674987114000905

Although there has been significant progress in the seismic imaging of mantle heterogeneity,the outstanding issue that remains to be resolved is the unknown distribution of mantle temperature anomalies in the distant geological past that give rise to the present-day anomalies inferred by global tomography models.To address this question,we present 3-D convection models in compressible and self-gravitating mantle initialised by different hypothetical temperature patterns.A notable feature of our forward convection modelling is the use of self-consistent coupling of the motion of surface tectonic plates to the underlying mantle flow,without imposing prescribed surface velocities(i.e.,plate-like boundary condition).As an approximation for the surface mechanical conditions before plate tectonics began to operate we employ the no-slip(rigid) boundary condition.A rigid boundary condition demonstrates that the initial thermally-dominated structure is preserved,and its geographical location is fixed during the evolution of mantle flow.Considering the impact of different assumed surface boundary conditions(rigid and plate-like) on the evolution of thermal heterogeneity in the mantle we suggest that the intrinsic buoyancy of seven superplumes is most-likely resolved in the tomographic images of present-day mantle thermal structure.Our convection simulations with a plate-like boundary condition reveal that the evolution of an initial cold anomaly beneath the Java-Indonesian trench system yields a long-term,stable pattern of thermal heterogeneity in the lowermost mantle that resembles the presentday Large Low Shear Velocity Provinces(LLSVPs),especially below the Pacific.The evolution of subduction zones may be,however,influenced by the mantle-wide flow driven by deeply-rooted and longlived superplumes since Archean times.These convection models also detect the intrinsic buoyancy of the Perm Anomaly that has been identified as a unique slow feature distinct from the two principal LLSVPs.We find there is no need for dense chemical ’piles’ in the lower mantle to generate a stable distribution of temperature anomalies that are correlated to the LLSVPs and the Perm Anomaly.Our tomography-based convection simulations also demonstrate that intraplate volcanism in the south-east Pacific may be interpreted in terms of shallow small-scale convection triggered by a superplume beneath the East Pacific Rise.     

基于ICESat/GLAS高度计数据的SRTM数据精度评估——以青藏高原地区为例

为全面了解航天飞机雷达测图计划(shuttle Radar topography mission,SRTM)高程数据的精度及误差特征,利用精度更高的ICESat/GLAS激光高度计数据(简称ICESat高度计数据)为参照数据,以具有多种地貌类型的中国青藏高原地区为实验区,采用双线性插值算法分析了SRTM在中国青藏高原地区的高程精度,以及SRTM高程数据与地形因子(坡度和坡向)间的关系。实验结果表明:在青藏高原地区,ICESat高度计数据与相对应的SRTM高程数据高度相关,相关系数高达0.999 8;SRTM的系统误差为2.36±16.48 m,中误差(RMSE)为16.65 m;当坡度低于25°时,SRTM高程数据精度随坡度增大而显著降低。此外,相对于ICESat高度计数据,SRTM在青藏高原地区N,NW和NE方向的测量值偏高,在S,SE和SW方向的测量值偏低。     

Interplay between an axial channel belt,slope gullies and overbank deposition in the Puchkirchen Formation in the Molasse Basin,Austria

Deep‐water sediments in the Molasse Basin, Austria, were deposited in a narrow foreland basin dominated by a large channel belt located between the steep Alpine fold and thrust belt to the south and the gentler northern slope off the Bohemian Massif. Several gas fields occur outside the channel belt, along the outer bend of a large meander. Accumulation of these overbank sediments reflects a complicated interplay between slope accommodation and debris‐flow and turbidity‐flow interaction within the channel. The tectonically oversteepened northern slope of the basin (ca 2 to 3°) developed a regionally important erosional surface, the Northern Slope Unconformity, which can be traced seismically for >100 km in an east–west direction and >20 km from the channel to the north. The slope preserves numerous gullies sourced from the north that eroded into the channel belt. These gullies were ca 20 km long, <1 km wide and ca 200 m deep. As the channel aggraded, largely inactive and empty gullies served as entry points into the overbank area for turbidity currents within the axial channel. Subsequently, debris‐flow mounds, 7 km wide and >15 km long, plugged and forced the main channel to step abruptly ca 7 km to the south. This resulted in development of an abrupt turn in the channel pathway that propagated to the east and probably played a role in forming a sinuous channel later. As debris‐flow topography was healed, flows spread out onto narrow area between the main channel and northern slope forming a broad fine‐grained apron that serves as the main gas reservoir in this area. This model of the overbank splay formation and the resulting stratigraphic architecture within the confined basin could be applied in modern and ancient systems or for subsurface hydrocarbon reservoirs where three‐dimensional seismic‐reflection data is limited. This study elucidates the geomorphology of the oversteepened slope of the under‐riding plate and its effects on the sedimentation.