Large-scale cold water dispersant effectiveness experiments with Alaskan crude oils and Corexit 9500 and 9527 dispersants

There continues to be reluctance in some jurisdictions to use chemical dispersants as a viable countermeasure for accidental oil spills. One argument used by some opponents to dispersant use is that “chemical dispersants do not work effectively in cold water”. To address this issue, the U.S. Minerals Management Service (MMS) funded and conducted two series of large-scale dispersant experiments in very cold water at Ohmsett - The National Oil Spill Response Test Facility, located in Leonardo, New Jersey in February-March 2006 and January-March 2007. Alaska North Slope, Endicott, Northstar and Pt. McIntyre crude oils and Corexit 9500 and Corexit 9527 dispersants were used in the two test series. The crude oils were tested both when fresh and after weathering. Results demonstrated that both Corexit 9500 and Corexit 9527 dispersants were 85-99% effective in dispersing the fresh and weathered crude oils tested at cold temperatures. The MMS expects that results from these test series will assist government regulators and responders in making science based decisions on the use of dispersants as a response tool for oil spills in the Arctic.     

Long-term plankton studies at the lower Rhine/Germany

The river Rhine has lain under considerable anthropogenic stress of its water quality for 100 years. As early as 1905 the first results of studies of the plankton in the Rhine were published. Due to the long residence time of the water a real potamoplankton can develop and at the end of the Lower Rhine it reaches its highest density. The paper consists of two parts. At first an overview is given about the history of plankton studies in the Rhine. The second part is the presentation of results from a monitoring at the Lower Rhine from 1979 to 2004.First systematic studies started at the beginning of the 20th century at the beginning of pollution. Our studies started during a phase of recreation from extreme pollution and eutrophication. Samples were taken at four stations: Bad Honnef, km 640, entrance to North Rhine-Westphalia, Düsseldorf, km 732, Duisburg, km 792 downstream large industrial effluents and big cities, Kleve-Bimmen, km 865 at the border to the Netherlands.In the 1970s nutrients were high, especially phosphate 0.65 mg PO₄-P L⁻¹ in 1979. After 1980 phosphate dropped to 0.11 mg PO₄-P L⁻¹ in 2004 (mean values of the growing season). Ammonia was reduced from about 0.52 (1979) to 0.02 (2004) mg NH₄-N L⁻¹. Nitrate remained between 3.72 (1989) and 2.26 (2004) mg NO₃-N L⁻¹ at a relatively high level. Oxygen concentrations were very low during the 1960s and 1970s, sometimes only 4 mg L⁻¹ O₂. During our studies the oxygen increased up to 9 mg L⁻¹ O₂ with a tendency to 11 mg L⁻¹ O₂ in the last years. Chlorophyll a was estimated to be between 59 (1979) and 31μg L⁻¹ (1986) with short peaks up to 170 μg L⁻¹ (1989). Since 1992 the mean values have varied between 30 (1993) and 21 μg L⁻¹ (2004).The floristic phytoplankton composition is characterised by the dominance of the centric diatom Stephanodiscus hantzschii. Other diatoms like Skeletonema subsalsum, Skeletonema potamos and Asterionella formosa were regularly present in smaller quantities. The second dominant group was coccale green algae. During the 1980s they formed up to 35% of the biomass. Since the 1990s their contribution to the phytoplankton became much smaller. This change corresponds with the increase of wastewater treatment and the diminution of nutrients. All the other groups of algae were present in minor quantities. During the time of higher trophy in the 1970s and 1980s the phytoplankton formed two peaks, in recent years only one peak has developed, depending on different flow conditions during the growing season and lower trophic state in the upstream parts of the river.Excellent correspondence exists between cell number, biovolume and chlorophyll a content and the results of delayed fluorescence (DF) measurement. The trophic status in the Lower Rhine may be estimated as (moderate) eutrophic. The ecological status of the phytoplankton is good based on the requirements of the European Water Framework Directive (WFD).The zooplankton consists mainly of rotatoria and larvs of Dreissena polymorpha. Grazing on phytoplankton seems to be mainly due to the large quantities of benthic Dreissena and the newly introduced mussel Corbicula.     

长偶极大功率可控源激励下目标体电性参数的频率响应

利用三维（3D）全空间积分方程准线性解作为数值模拟手段,对包含电离层、大气层和地球介质层的“地-电离层”典型异常目标体多层介质模型进行了数值模拟,得到了偶极源长度100 km、电流200 A、收发距离远达1600 km的合理的异常电性目标体的电阻率-频率响应结果.通过对不同埋深异常目标体的电阻率-频率特征的讨论,认为当考虑电离层和大气层的“地-电离层”大尺度深层横向不均匀复杂介质模拟时,电磁场对深部目标体仍有很好的异常响应,但当异常体电阻率及同一电阻率的岩石埋深不同时,其电阻率-频率的响应特征有很大不同,这正反映了不同岩石物性参数的电阻率-频率响应特征.文中结果表明从长偶极大功率源（WEM）激励的电磁场观测资料区分岩石的电阻率参数是可能的,这为利用WEM观测资料建立电性参数和岩石/地层参数经验关系奠定了基础.     

Study on horizontal relative diffusion in the troposphere and lower stratosphere

The behaviour of relative diffusion theory and Gifford’s random-force theory for long-range atmospheric diffusion is examined. When a puff scale is smaller than the Lagrangian length scale, 2KTL, an accelerative relative diffusion region exists, i.e., σy∝t3/2. While the puff diffusion enters a two-dimensional turbulence region, in which the diffusion scale is larger than 500 km, or time scale is larger than 1 day, divergence and convergence are main cause of horizontal diffusion. Between the two above-mentioned regimes, diffusion deviation is given byσy=2KTL. The large-scale horizontal relative diffusion parameters were obtained by analyzing the data of radioactive cloud width collected in air nuclear tests.     

大香格里拉地区旅游开发模式比较分析

大香格里拉地区指青藏高原东南部横断山区的主体部分,行政上包括藏东南、滇西北、川西南。这里是世界 上少有的生物多样性和文化多样性中心之一,含有特别丰富的旅游资源。根据实地调查和分析,本文将大香格里拉 地区现存的开发模式归纳成三类：明永模式、海螺沟模式和玉龙雪山模式,并对其进行了具体分析。认为明永模式 比较成功,有利于自然保护和增加当地居民收入;几个模式普遍存在的问题包括：大部分都过分追求经济效益;景 区管理存在严重的体制问题,特别是行政权、经营权、所有权三权混淆;国家所有权受到条块的多元分割,国家作为 国有资源所有者代表的地位模糊。同时建议国家人大常委会加强对世界遗产、国家自然保护区、国家地质公园、国 家级风景名胜区等这一类遗产类景区的立法工作,并建立严格监督和管理体系,禁止采取企业化经营模式;尊重和 发挥传统的民族宗教信仰和禁忌在保护自然中的作用;积极鼓励社区居民参与保护和监督;扶持和培育环境NGO, 提高民众的生态和环境保护意识,促进大香格里拉地区的可持续发展。     

峨眉山玄武岩的地幔热柱成因

根据峨眉山玄武岩的岩石组合、岩相学特征将峨眉火成岩省分为盐源-丽江岩区、攀西岩区、贵州高原岩区和松潘-甘孜岩区。通过对研究区二叠世的区域地质背景和古地理环境的分析，对峨眉山玄武岩喷发与地幔热柱的关系及其火山喷发的大地构造背景进行了进一步系统归纳和总结。根据地层学关系大致确定峨眉山玄武岩的主喷发期是阳新世（中二叠）晚期-乐平世（晚二叠）早期，时限大致为259Ma-257Ma。峨眉山玄武岩微量元素地幔标准化曲线特征与OIB基本一致，反映出其成因与地幔热柱活动有密不可分的关系。     

新疆北山地区罗东镁铁质-超镁铁质层状岩体岩石成因

罗东镁铁质-超镁铁质岩体位于塔里木板块东北部的新疆北山地区,岩体平面形态为眼球状,出露面积约2.1 km2.由纯橄岩、单辉橄榄岩、斜长二辉橄榄岩、橄榄二辉岩、方辉辉石岩、橄长岩、橄榄辉长岩、辉长岩、苏长辉长岩和淡色辉长岩组成,堆晶结构和堆晶韵律发育,属于层状岩体.岩浆演化过程中主要分离结晶/堆晶相是橄榄石和单斜辉石,此...     

白垩纪中期异常地质事件与全球变化

白垩纪中期(125~90 Ma)是地质历史中一个极端温室时期,集中出现一系列异常事件。异常事件是地球系统内各圈层相互耦合的产物,事件相互之间不是孤立的,单个事件引起的全球变化对其他事件起着明显的正/负反馈机制作用。文中基于对白垩纪中期异常事件的深入解剖和分析,包括大规模海底火山事件、大洋缺氧事件、生物异常更替与绝灭、白垩纪超静磁带、大洋红层出现等,在探讨白垩纪中期各个事件特征基础上,重点阐述异常事件所引起的全球变化及其对海洋、气候的影响;提出异常事件之间的相互关联与反馈机制。研究发现,大规模海底火山作用是引起白垩纪中期异常海洋和气候的最根本原因,直接促进大洋缺氧事件、生物绝灭与更替、沉积记录的转变等事件的发生。     

青藏高原大型走滑断裂带晚新生代构造地貌生长及水系响应

大型走滑断裂带对调节印度板块和亚洲板块碰撞后产生的陆内构造变形和地貌生长起着非常重要作用。本文分析了沿青藏高原北缘主要大型左旋走滑断裂带：东昆仑、康西瓦和鲜水河-小江断裂带发育的错断地质体、大型错断水系或水系拐弯等新构造地貌特征,表明这些大型走滑断裂带在晚新生代以来发生了大规模的左旋走滑运动：前新生代地质体错位距离为80～120 km,大型水系累积的位移量可达80～90 km。根据这些走滑断裂带的长期走滑速率为8～12 mm/a,估算上述大型走滑断裂带的左旋走滑运动开始于中新世晚期：东昆仑和康西瓦断裂带左旋走滑运动开始于10±2 Ma; 鲜水河-小江断裂带甘孜-玉树段的左旋走滑运动的开始时间约为8～115 Ma。同样,如果大型水系的沿断裂带出现的大型错位或拐弯能够代表断裂带累积错位的上限,表明发源于青藏高原的黄河、金沙江、喀拉喀什河和玉龙喀什河等一级水系上游大致开始形成于9～7 Ma±。西昆仑山前盆地中河流相沉积的最早响应时间为8～6 Ma,与喀拉喀什河和玉龙喀什河等西昆仑山地区一级水系的形成时间基本一致,表明这些大型水系初始形成时间与左旋走滑构造运动的开始时间准同时。这表明中新世中晚期青藏高原构造演化发生了重要转变。     

力马河镍矿Re-Os同位素研究

四川力马河镍矿是峨眉山大火成岩省一个重要的岩浆硫化物矿床。本文通过对其主要岩、矿石类型Re、Os及其同位素组成的分析,综合探讨了成矿岩体原始岩浆性质、矿石硫化物成因、成矿机制及Re-Os同位素等时线年龄。结果表明,力马河镍矿不同类型岩矿石样品初始Os同位素组成是不均一的,富硫化物的网脉状矿石及其选纯硫化物Os同位素组成初值差异较小,其等时线年龄为265±35 Ma、与岩体锆石SHRIMP年龄263±3 Ma基本相当;硫化物含量较低的岩、矿石样品间初始Os同位素组成差异较大,其表观等时线年龄大于成矿年龄。分析认为,岩矿样品初始Os同位素组成的不均一是由含较高放射成因187Os丰度的硫化物熔体和含较低放射成因187Os丰度的硅酸盐熔体不同比例混合造成的。混合模型分析表明,硫化物含量超过30％的矿石样品初始187Os/188Os基本接近,硫化物含量低于30％的岩矿石样品初始187Os/188Os随硫化物含量上的不同差异很大,为岩浆硫化物矿床Re-Os等时线年龄可能出现多组年龄解的现象提供了一种可能的解释。成矿岩体中含放射成因187Os丰度最低的岩石样品γOs（t=260Ma）在5左右、Cu/Pd比值在7000左右,表明是基本没有受到地壳混染及硫化物熔离影响的原始岩浆结晶分异产物,估计原始岩浆Os含量在1×10－9左右,为苦橄质岩浆。矿石硫化物Re/Os比值显著高于任何赋矿橄榄岩,γOs（t=260Ma）高达110左右,综合分析揭示了力马河镍矿硫化物为二次熔离成因,模式分析认为,矿石硫化物是由原始岩浆经历R=2000左右的硫化物熔离后、其亏损岩浆再经R=200左右的硫化物熔离形成,与二次熔离相对应,成矿岩浆也经历了两次混染作用,分别为上、下地壳7％左右的混染。