海温异常对2008年1月中国气候异常影响的数值模拟

利用中国科学院大气物理研究所陆气耦合模式IAP9L_CoLM,通过4组集合模拟试验,分别考察了不同海域的海温异常对2008年1月中国南方极端气候异常的可能影响。数值模拟结果表明,在La Ni~↑na事件（赤道中东太平洋海温负异常）和北大西洋海温正异常的作用下,模式可以较好地再现出2008年1月我国降水异常和全国性温度偏低的现象,以及相应的主要环流异常特征,这说明上述两个海区的海温异常是导致我国南方低温、雨雪、冰冻灾害天气的重要原因。进一步分析可以发现,赤道中东太平洋的负海温异常和北大西洋的正海温异常均有利于亚洲中高纬地区阻塞高压的加强,从而使得东亚冬季风增强,有利于强冷空气入侵到我国南方地区;此外赤道中东太平洋的负海温异常还导致东亚沿海位势高度增加,不利于冷空气向下游输送,使得冷空气在我国南方地区堆积导致低温异常。模式结果比较还可发现,相对于北大西洋海温异常而言,赤道中东太平洋海温异常对2008年冬季中国气候异常的影响相对更大,其他区域的海温异常也可对2008年1月中国的气候异常有一定的影响。     

2008年1月乌拉尔阻塞高压异常活动的分析研究

不少研究已经表明, 乌拉尔阻塞高压的持续活动对2008年1月中国南方雨雪冰冻灾害的发生有重要作用。本文针对2008年1月乌拉尔阻塞高压的异常, 利用NCEP再分析逐日环流资料、 哈德莱中心的海温资料等, 从对流层北极涛动(AO)、 平流层极涡(PV) 以及海温异常等几方面, 对2008年1月乌拉尔阻塞高压异常产生的原因进行了分析研究。结果显示, 虽然从以往多年情况来看, 前期AO及平流层极涡的异常很可能会导致其后乌拉尔阻塞高压发生异常, 然而就2008年1月的情况而言, 2007～2008年冬季对流层AO和平流层极涡的异常都不能成为异常乌拉尔阻塞高压产生和偏强的原因, 因为它们的关系与多年存在的长期关系相反。进一步的分析研究则显示, 2007年12月和2008年1月赤道太平洋的La Niña事件也对乌拉尔阻塞高压的活动没有明显影响; 而北大西洋海温正异常, 尤其是北大西洋副热带海温正异常的存在, 是2008年1月乌拉尔阻塞高压持续的重要外强迫因素。     

Sources of very high heavy metal content in soils of volcanic island (La Réunion)

The objective of this study was to conduct an inventory of heavy metal concentrations (Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb and Zn) in the soils of La Réunion. 39 sampling sites were selected to cover the distribution of soils of the island. The results show that soils of La Réunion are rich in heavy metals: most of them exceed the French standard values beyond which sewage sludge spreading is not authorized. To identify the sources of heavy metals, we used: (i) the relationship between the heavy metal content in soils and the origin of the volcanic parent material; (ii) the comparison of heavy metal content between cultivated and uncultivated soils; and (iii) the heavy metal distribution in soil profiles. Cd and Pb evolution in soil profiles indicate an impact of human activities. High Hg concentrations in soils can be explained by the volcanic activity of the island. For Cr, Cu, Ni and Zn, we demonstrate that high concentrations in soils are mainly determined by the natural pedo-geochemical background.     

Remote and in situ plume measurements of acid gas release from La Soufrière volcano, Guadeloupe

This paper presents the first remote measurements of La Soufrière gas emissions since the fumarolic and seismic reactivation in 1992. The chemical composition of the plumes has been measured from May 2003 to September 2004 using an Open Path Fourier Transform InfraRed (OP-FTIR) spectrometer, up to 15 m downwind the South Crater. HCl is clearly detected (concentration between 2.4 and 12 ppmv) whereas SO₂ and H₂S generally remain below the detection limit of the OP-FTIR. Direct measurements of SO₂ and H₂S near the South Crater with a Lancom III analyzer show a fast decrease of their concentrations with the distance. Calculated Cl / S mass ratios are high: from 9.4 ± 1.7 at 15 m from the vent to 2.8 ± 0.6 at 140 m. The enrichment in HCl of the gas emitted at La Soufrière, observed since 1998, corresponds to the degassing of a magma enriched in Cl and depleted in S. This result agrees with isotopic measurements which suggest a magmatic origin of the gases. Readjustments inside the volcanic system may have taken place during the seismic activity beginning in 1992 and enhance the transfer of magmatic gases to the summit.     

INFLUENCE OF TIBETAN PLATEAU ON AIR-SEA INTERACTION OVER TROPICAL PACIFIC IN OCEAN-ATMOSPHERIC COUPLED SYSTEM*

A hybrid coupled ocean-atmosphere model is designed,which consists of a global atmospheric general circulation model(L9R15 AGCM)and a simple ocean model(ZC ocean model over tropical Pacific).Using the model,experimental predictions are performed for the 1986/87 El Nino event and the 1988/89 La Nina event with and without the Tibetan Plateau respectively(called TP FORC and NTP FORC hereinafter).It is found as follows:(1)The coupled system can successfully predict the El Nino or La Nina event even if the Tibetan Plateau orography is not included in the model.The patterns of SSTA and wind anomalies in the model without the Tibetan Plateau are similar to those with the Tibetan Plateau,which further verifies the fact that ENSO process is mainly caused by the air-sea interaction in tropical Pacific.(2)However.the existence of the Tibetan Plateau exerts its influences on the intensity and duration of El Nino(or La Nina).It is unfavorable to the development and maintenance of westerly anomalies,so to some extent,restrains the development of El Nino,but favors the development of La Nina.(3)Effects of the Tibetan Plateau orography on the wind anomalies in the coupled system are different from those inuncoupled AGCM simulation.     

A STUDY OF CLIMATOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF FLOW FIELD AND HEAT EXCHANGE ON TROPICAL PACIFIC SURFACE IN THE EL NINO AND LA NINA EVENTS

In this paper, based on the 2°× 2° grid data COADS from 1950—1987 the flow field and heatexchange anomalies on the tropical (11°S—11°N, 120°E—80°W) Pacific surface (TPS) are studiedin El Nino and La Nina events. During E1 Nino, the zonal pressure gradient and the trade windsdecrease on the TPS, the tropical convergence strengthens on the TPS, especially on the centralTPS, the sensible and latent heat exchanges increase, the net longwave radiation and incident solarradiation decrease and the net gain (loss) of heat reduces (increases) on the central and easternTPS. During La Nina the results turn out the contrary. Finally, two feedback mechanisms whichinclude the dynamic, thermal and hydrological processes during E1 Nino and La Nina are summa-rized and a conceptive model for El Nino-La Nina cycle is given.     

大气环流模式对ENSO时间尺度风应力距平的模拟

通过与观测作比较。评估低分辨率的大气环流模式模拟的风场，模式风场是使用观测海温场外强迫，从１９７９年到１９８８年共积分十年得到的，模式输出为月平均值。结果表明，模式能够相当真实地模拟出风距平场的演变，用风应力距平强迫简单模式，积分十年（１９７９－１９８８），得到的海温距平场（月平均值）和观测海温距平场作比较，模式结果较真实地模拟了１９８２－１９８３年及１９８６／１９８７年暖事件的赤道地区海温距平场     

赤道太平洋次表层海水温度异常的信号通道

应用热带太平洋上层XBT温度资料,分析探讨了西太平洋暖池区次表层海温冷暖异常信号的变化规律,揭示了影响西太平洋暖池区次表层海温冷变异常的信号通道。分析表明,西太平洋暖池区的次表层海温异常变冷与太平洋北赤道流的海温冷异常信号西传有重要关系。北赤道流的海温异常冷(暖)信号是沿温跃层由赤道中东太平洋潜沉向西太平洋暖池区传播,与西太平洋次表层海温异常(冷)暖信号向赤道中东太平洋传播构成了热带海洋信号的气旋式"环流通道"。在这一"环流通道"中,北赤道流的海温异常信号西传是导致西太平洋暖池区及西太平洋次表层海温异常的重要机制,是影响厄尔尼诺(ElNino)和拉尼娜(LaNina)事件发生的关键。     

Argiles et zéolites dans l'altération d'un volcan bouclier en milieu tropical (Le Piton des Neiges,La Réunion)

The drilling of a gallery through the Roche-Écrite massif (Reunion Island) allowed to sample the old formations of the ‘Piton des Neiges’ volcano. The mineralogical study of the alteration products of the formations showed significant variations of the zeolites/clay minerals ratio depending on the location of the rocks in the volcano. The abundance of zeolites in the formation near the surface hydrographic network or the underground water drainage system seems to be due to the physicochemical processes favouring zeolites in more open systems in their competition with secondary clays. To cite this article: L. Bret et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).