1993～2003年郑州市土地利用/覆被变化特征研究

以河南省郑州市为例,利用RS、GIS软件对1993年和2003年两时次TM、ETM 影像进行遥感解译,采用GIS空间分析和数理统计分析等方法,研究了10 a来该市土地利用变化过程尤其是土地沙化的变化过程及其社会经济驱动机制.结果表明:10 a来,西部山区、东部沙化地区以及黄河沿岸地区土地利用类型的变化比较大,特别是东部地区用地变化比较剧烈;旱地、草地、工交建设用地面积明显增加,沙化土地、水田、林地、水体面积呈现减少的趋势;沙化现象得到了有效遏制,草地面积的增加,改善了研究区的生态环境.此外,林地面积的大量减少,应引起重视,可实行退耕还林或植树造林以建立良好的生态环境.     

ANALYSIS ON SPATIAL FEATURES OF LUCC BASED ON REMOTE SENSING AND GIS IN CHINA

In view of the large quantities of areas,complex landform and dynamic change of resources and environ-ment in China,China has already funded abundantly a series of macro remote sensing investigation projects in land use cover change(LUCC) since 1990.Supported by the achievements of such projects,Chinese resources,environmental and remote sensing database(CRERS) was created.In this paper,we standardized the LUCC dataset of CRERS at scale of 1km,which facilitated the study of spatial features of LUCC in China.The analysis on the spatial features of LUCC and their causes of formation in China are based on the CRERS supported by the technologies of Geographic Information System(GIS) .The whole research was based on the grade index of land use,ecological environmental index and index of population density.Based on the correlation analysis,we found that the special features of LUCC were closely related with those of ecological environment and population density,which resulted form that areas with better ecological environ-ment and high production potential of land were easy and convenient for human being to live,which,furthermore,led to the aggravation of excessive exploitation of land resources there.     

干旱区典型山地绿洲荒漠系统中绿洲土地利用/覆盖变化对生态系统服务价值的影响

研究土地利用/覆盖变化对区域生态系统服务价值的影响具有重要意义。对处于干旱区典型MODS（Mountain-Oasis-Desert System）系统中的新疆南部且末绿洲1989年Landsat TM 影像及2004年的CBERS遥感影像进行处理,分析且末绿洲15 a来的土地利用/覆盖变化。在此基础上,采用中国陆地生态系统服务价值的测算方法,评估且末绿洲土地利用/覆盖变化引起的生态系统服务价值的变化。结果表明,1989-2004年,且末绿洲减少的土地面积有林地、戈壁沙地和盐碱地,增加的土地面积有水域、建筑用地和耕地。林地减少了41.73％,耕地增加了58.04％。1989年且末绿洲生态系统服务价值总额为184 349.88万元,2004年为176 970.72万元,15 a间,生态系统服务价值损失了7 379.16万元。林地面积的减少是生态系统服务价值减少的主要原因。保护区域生态环境,恢复和提高区域生态系统服务功能是该区域生态环境建设的重要任务。     

美国土地利用/土地覆盖变化的空间特征

1IntroductionInrecentyears,studyonglobalchangehasbecomethefocus,onwhichstresshasbeenlaidbytodayhumansociety.Inordertodealwithseriesofenvironmentalproblemssuchasdegradationoflandresources,globalwarming,destructionofozonosphereandsoon,andassurethestabilizationandsustainabledevelopmentofworldeconomy,IGBPhasestablishedthestudyframeforglobalchange.Withavastrangeofstudy,researchonglobalchangehasbroughtforwardagreatdealofimportantscientificquestionsrelatedtofeasibilityforhumanelivingoftheEarth.Inth…     

Identifying separate impacts of climate and land use/cover change on hydrological processes in upper stream of Heihe River,Northwest China

Climate change and land use/cover change (LUCC) are two factors that produce major impacts on hydrological processes. Understanding and quantifying their respective influence is of great importance for water resources management and socioeconomic activities as well as policy and planning for sustainable development. In this study, the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) was calibrated and validated in upper stream of the Heihe River in Northwest China. The reliability of the SWAT model was corroborated in terms of the Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE), the correlation coefficient (R), and the relative bias error (BIAS). The findings proposed a new method employing statistical separation procedures using a physically based modeling system for identifying the individual impacts of climate change and LUCC on hydrology processes, in particular on the aspects of runoff and evapotranspiration (ET). The results confirmed that SWAT was a powerful and accurate model for diagnosis of a key challenge facing the Heihe River Basin. The model assessment metrics, NSE, R, and BIAS, in the data were 0.91%, 0.95%, and 1.14%, respectively, for the calibration period and 0.90%, 0.96%, and ?0.15%, respectively, for the validation period. An assessment of climate change possibility showed that precipitation, runoff, and air temperature exhibited upward trends with a rate of 15.7 mm, 6.1 mm, and 0.38 °C per decade for the 1980 to 2010 period, respectively. Evaluation of LUCC showed that the changes in growth of vegetation, including forestland, grassland, and the shrub area have increased gradually while the barren area has decreased. The integrated effects of LUCC and climate change increased runoff and ET values by 3.2% and 6.6% of the total runoff and ET, respectively. Climate change outweighed the impact of LUCC, thus showing respective increases in runoff and ET of about 107.3% and 81.2% of the total changes. The LUCC influence appeared to be modest by comparison and showed about ?7.3% and 18.8% changes relative to the totals, respectively. The increase in runoff caused by climate change factors is more than the offsetting decreases resulting from LUCC. The outcomes of this study show that the climate factors accounted for the notable effects more significantly than LUCC on hydrological processes in the upper stream of the Heihe River.     

京津风沙源区生态环境时空变化的遥感监测分析

本文利用由遥感影像解译获得的土地利用数据和MODIS NDVI产品,采用空间转移矩阵、最大值合成法、均值法和一元线性回归模拟等方法,分析了2000年以来京津风沙源区生态环境变化的时空特征.结果表明:(1)2000-2005年京津风沙源区耕地开垦、林草地减少的趋势有所减缓,但区域气候变化趋于干旱,水域面积明显减少,草地退...     

Backward waters,modern waters: Perception-Based Regional Mapping territory uses and water-related sanitary stakes in Luang Phabang area (Lao PDR)

This paper examines the suitability of the PBRM, a mapping tool based on the perceptions of local stakeholders, for assessing the connection between land uses and health issues. The area, rural Laos around Luang Phabang city, between the Mekong River valley and mountains, seems to have overcome the formal territorial organization based on exposure risks towards an organization based on access to health and medical facilities. In addition, differential access to safe drinking water has been quite solved by the implementation of private can distribution networks. However, these rapid changes accentuate the social gap between well-connected lowlands and valleys on one hand, and mountain areas on the other hand, increasingly sidelined from this transition. Methodologically, PBRM method explores broader issues at a broader scale but does not give an easy access to non-spatial criteria. Plus, the limits of the SHUs (Spatial Homogeneous Unit) the PBRM establishes are geographically precise regarding topology but not spatiality. These results are action-oriented towards local and development-oriented issues.     

Eroding battlefields: Land degradation in Java reconsidered

Land degradation has been a major political issue in Java for decades. Its causes have generally been framed by narratives focussing on farmers’ unsustainable cultivation practices. This paper causally links land degradation with struggles over natural resources in Central Java. It presents a case study that was part of a research project combining remote sensing and political ecology to explore land use/cover change and its drivers in the catchment of the Segara Anakan lagoon. Historically rooted land conflicts have turned the land into a political battlefield, with soil erosion being the direct outcome of the political struggles. Starting from an analysis of environmental changes using satellite images and historical maps, the research explored a history of violent displacements in the frame of a series of brutal insurgencies and counterinsurgencies in the 1950/60s. In these struggles over national political power, entire villages were erased, and peasants’ land was appropriated by the state. This political history is ‘inscribed’ in today’s landscape. The contested land comprises some of the most erosion-prone sites in the entire catchment of the lagoon. The landscape of erosion is a landscape of conflict and a symbol of historical violence and injustice. In line with our research in other parts of the catchment, the case study presented here challenges dominant political discourses about the nature of upland degradation in Java. It provides insight into still unresolved and underexplored chapters of Indonesian history and presents a strong plea for combining land use change science and (historical) political ecology.     

气候变化与土地利用/覆被变化对中国北方农牧交错带水资源影响研究进展

中国北方农牧交错带对全球变化响应敏感,研究气候变化及土地利用/覆被变化（LUCC）背景下北方农牧交错带水资源问题,对变化环境下生态脆弱区的水资源利用与管理具有重要意义。通过对北方农牧交错带气候与LUCC演变特征及其对水资源影响等方面的综合研究,总结得出：（1） 近几十年,该地区气候呈暖干化趋势,气温升高速率与降水减少速率均高于全球平均水平。（2） LUCC以农牧相互转化为主,土地利用结构未发生明显变化。（3） 该地区流域径流、地下水位与气温负相关,与降水量正相关,且降水作用更明显;近几十年来,LUCC成为影响该地区生态水文过程的主导因素,对水资源影响的贡献率越来越大。同时,针对目前研究中存在的问题及薄弱环节,提出未来研究的发展趋势和亟需重点加强的研究方向。