Linking model design and application for transdisciplinary approaches in social-ecological systems

As global environmental change continues to accelerate and intensify, science and society are turning to transdisciplinary approaches to facilitate transitions to sustainability. Modeling is increasingly used as a technological tool to improve our understanding of social-ecological systems (SES), encourage collaboration and learning, and facilitate decision-making. This study improves our understanding of how SES models are designed and applied to address the rising challenges of global environmental change, using mountains as a representative system. We analyzed 74 peer-reviewed papers describing dynamic models of mountain SES, evaluating them according to characteristics such as the model purpose, data and model type, level of stakeholder involvement, and spatial extent/resolution. Slightly more than half the models in our analysis were participatory, yet only 21.6% of papers demonstrated any direct outreach to decision makers. We found that SES models tend to under-represent social datasets, with ethnographic data rarely incorporated. Modeling efforts in conditions of higher stakeholder diversity tend to have higher rates of decision support compared to situations where stakeholder diversity is absent or not addressed. We discuss our results through the lens of appropriate technology, drawing on the concepts of boundary objects and scalar devices from Science and Technology Studies. We propose four guiding principles to facilitate the development of SES models as appropriate technology for transdisciplinary applications: (1) increase diversity of stakeholders in SES model design and application for improved collaboration; (2) balance power dynamics among stakeholders by incorporating diverse knowledge and data types; (3) promote flexibility in model design; and (4) bridge gaps in decision support, learning, and communication. Creating SES models that are appropriate technology for transdisciplinary applications will require advanced planning, increased funding for and attention to the role of diverse data and knowledge, and stronger partnerships across disciplinary divides. Highly contextualized participatory modeling that embraces diversity in both data and actors appears poised to make strong contributions to the world’s most pressing environmental challenges.     

地震预报专家系统ESEP 3.0中的知识表示方法

知识表示是专家系统建造中的一个关键环节，知识表示方法的好坏直接关系到系统的智能水平和解决问题的能力。在地震预报专家系统ESEP3．0中有多种知识表示方法，本文介绍了该系统的结构知识、地震学和前兆预报知识、机器学习知识、综合预报知识、确定异常证据可信度知识以及支持知识等多种知识表示方法，提出了确定异常证据可信度模型。这些知识表示方法可以很好地表示各类地震预报知识。     

用基于知识的决策树方法分层提取矿区土地类型——以湖北大冶为例

以湖北大冶为研究区,采用多时相陆地卫星遥感图像,通过不同波段组合,以及ironoxide指数和归一化差异植被指数(NDVI)等,详细分析了各地表地物光谱特征和空间特征,建立了研究区分类知识库表,采用决策二叉树法进行分类,得到了高精度分类结果图。基于不同时相分类结果的变化检测,通过对研究区水体污染、矿区复垦、耕地变化等分析,认为从1986～2002年,研究区水质虽有一定改善,但矿区植被退化严重,耕地大量减少,停产矿区复垦仅为20%,为合理保护矿区生态环境和科学管理采矿企业提供了有用资料。     

关于知识经济与网络的理论思考

２１世纪是知识经济的世纪。知识经济的到来有其历史的必然性。它的本质特征是劳动资料取得了网络的形式,从而与机器经济相区分。知识经济的产业结构的核心是信息产业,而信息产业的核心是网络技术。网络已经深入到社会生活的方方面面。强化人们的信息观念与网络观念,加快信息网络化的建设,将对我国经济发展具有重大意义     

国内地质学领域研究热点文献计量学分析

本文选取中国知网数据库（CNKI）中的中文期刊全文数据库作为数据来源,对地质学领域的10种中文核心期刊相关科技论文开展文献计量分析,着重分析了近五年来所刊载科技论文的发表量、基金资助、学科分布和关键词等特征及变化趋势。了解了近年来我国地质学领域研究的基本信息和研究热点,分析结果可以为今后进一步把握学科领域发展方向提供参考。     

Guidelines for organizing a fisheries learning exchange

This short communication piece presents guidelines and challenges for organizing fisheries learning exchanges (FLEs). Non-governmental organizations, government agencies, and resource users use FLEs to share best practices and bridge knowledge gaps between small-scale fishing communities and stakeholder groups. Even though FLEs are widely used and have numerous cited benefits, there are challenges associated with planning and implementing FLEs. To overcome these challenges and maximize FLEs’ effectiveness, the authors describe guidelines for FLE organizers. The guidelines are based on the perspectives of over 20 FLE experts collected during 2013 through questionnaires, interviews, discussions, and surveys. The guidelines include steps that organizers should take before, during, and after a FLE. For instance, there was broad consensus that before a FLE, it is important to select a diverse group of participants, including both conservation advocates and critics, and to create an exchange agreement outlining the roles and responsibilities of participants. During a FLE, cultural activities and daily reflections by participants are valuable to the exchange process. After a FLE, activities that formalize the participants’ involvement in the FLE are important, such as welcome-home ceremonies and participation certificates. Follow-up support for FLE participants is perceived as an essential step in the FLE and should be included in the FLE's budget. Finally, challenges in organizing FLEs are explicitly described and potential solutions to overcome those challenges are provided. The authors researched and compiled these guidelines and challenges to inform and improve the increasingly widespread use of FLEs.     

The role of local taboos in the management of marine fisheries resources in Tanzania

Contemporary government rules for fisheries resources management in developing countries have been challenged for their inadequacy. The search for modern management models for coastal and marine resources could be usefully informed by wealth of traditional knowledge that enabled communities to sustainably live with their environment for centuries or millennia. Local taboos, defined as implicit or explicit social rules prohibiting certain actions, have played an important part in many traditional approaches to resource use. A mixed methods approach was used to investigate how local taboos play a role in the management of fisheries resources in some rural and urban coastal communities of Tanzania. Focus group discussions, key informant interviews, participant observations and questionnaire surveys were used to gather primary data. Data were analyzed both qualitatively and quantitatively. The study identified a number of potential local taboos in the management of fisheries resources and their habitats in coastal Tanzania. While these taboos showed some potential for applications in modern management approaches, a majority of fishers indicated non-compliance to most of them, especially in urban areas. A number of reasons are revealed to have attributed to the non-compliance of these taboos. These findings suggest the prospect for judicious integration of traditional practices with modern strategies, to enhance compliance. More studies on traditional knowledge that has a role in fisheries resources management are recommended, as are biophysical assessments in conjunction with traditional practices to reveal their scientific benefits. Successful community-based fisheries resources management in Tanzania will draw on modern and traditional perspectives.     

信息高速公路、空间数据基础设施与数字地球

本文叙述国家信息基础设施（ＮＩＩ）、国家空间数据基础设施（ＮＳＤＩ）和数字地球的概念与相互关系,通过讨论分析,对如何推动我国信息高科技发展提出了若干有价值的建议。     

数字地球与“地相学”

本文通过对数字地球的诠释,结合与地相学的本质联系,论述了二者的形成与发展的关联程度,提出了数字地球是地相学的“量化”;地相学是数字地球的理论支撑与生存、发展的土壤,也是数字地球的学科定位“解”。进而,阐明数字时空的实现是数字地球更宽泛的归宿。     

嵌入专家系统思想的上海市园林绿化GIS构建

本文介绍了嵌入专家系统思想的上海市园林绿化地理信息系统,探讨了在地理信息系统中如何嵌入专家系统模块。研究表明,构建嵌入专家系统思想的地理信息系统,能提高地理信息系统的智能性.