Strong growth in weakly-developed networks: Producer-user interaction and knowledge brokers in the Greater Shanghai chemical industry

This paper investigates the developing spatial and social division of labor in the Greater Shanghai chemical industry. This industry experienced strong growth after the Asian financial crisis, when policy support was extended beyond “new economy” industries to include traditional manufacturing sectors. Based on a conceptualization that emphasizes the role of producer-user networks and interactive learning as a basis for ongoing innovation and business success, an explorative study was designed to investigate the supplier and customer linkages in different locations of the Greater Shanghai region. The results suggest that inter-firm networks are not extensive and often involve limited producer-user interaction. Important chemical firms in the region concentrate on business with their established international customer basis, use state-controlled distribution channels or rely on intermediaries that act as knowledge brokers. Neither of these practices of market interaction includes intensive information exchange and feedback on products, customer experience and demand changes. As such, these practices do not provide a sound basis for self-sustained growth or innovation in the future. The paper concludes that regional policy needs to support the establishment of combined “bonding” and “bridging” relations between chemical producers and their user industries.     

Negotiating the boundary between state-led and farmer approaches to knowing nature: An analysis of UK agri-environment schemes

This paper explores the role of knowledge in the development of more environmentally sustainable farming systems in the UK and specifically seeks to reveal the porosity of the boundary between state-led and farmer approaches to knowing nature. Its empirical focus is two government sponsored ‘agri-environment schemes’—the Countryside Stewardship scheme and the Environmentally Sensitive Area scheme—which offer financial incentives to farmers and other land managers who agree to undertake environmentally beneficial practices. As a framework for analysis, the paper draws on the notion of ‘knowledge culture’, with agri-environment schemes represented as an emerging ‘policy knowledge culture’ that is seemingly distinct, in its approach to knowing nature, from pre-existing ‘agrarian knowledge cultures’. Data are derived from two large scale, countrywide surveys of agreement holders in the two agri-environment schemes. These reveal that alongside some resistance to the policy knowledge culture of AES, there is also negotiation and interchange taking place between knowledge cultures, and the policy knowledge culture is adapting to and accommodating aspects of the other. As such, the paper contests the findings of previous studies which assert that the codified knowledge of agri-environment schemes always wins out in the implementation of scheme agreements, with the subsequent marginalisation of other knowledge(s). In turn, it suggests that policy knowledge cultures can give voice to farmers’ ways of knowing nature with benefits both for them and nature itself. The paper concludes with some reflections on the extent of knowledge culture transformation and offers some policy recommendations.     

基于知识与规则的城市管线数据计算机监理校验

本文通过对城市管线数据的分析与处理，得到对城市管线数据进行计算机监理校验的知识与规则，并利用这些知识与规则进行综合的城市管线数据校验。     

A conceptual template for integrative human–environment research

Knowledge integration, the blending of concepts from two or more disciplines to create innovative new worldviews, is a key process in attempts to increase the sustainability of human activities on Earth. In this paper, we describe a ‘conceptual template’ that can be used to catalyse this process. The template comprises (a) a list of high-level concepts that capture the essential aspects of any significant human–environment problem, plus (b) broad lists of low-level basic concepts drawn from a range of disciplines. Our high-level concepts, which we call ‘conceptual clusters’, are labelled Dynamics & System, Organisation & Scale, Controlling Models, Management & Policy, Adaptation & Learning, and History. Many of the clustered, lower-level concepts are synonyms and thus provide possible connections between disciplines—for this reason we call them ‘nexus concepts’. We suggest that a conceptual template like that presented here can provide strong support to the initial phases of integrative research programs.     

数据库中的知识发现及其在气象中的应用

介绍了数据库中的知识发现 (KDD)和数据挖掘 (DM)的基本概念和处理过程 ,然后分析了数据挖掘所使用的方法 ,讨论了数据挖掘的应用 ,并给出了应用于气象领域的数据挖掘工具的设计方案。     

Revisiting Prior distributions,Part I: Priors based on a physical invariance principle

Determination of uninformative prior distributions is essential in many branches of knowledge integration and system processing. The conceptual difficulties of this determination are due to lack of uniqueness and consequential lack of objectivity associated with the state of complete ignorance. The present work overcomes the above difficulty by considering a class of priors that are consistent with a physical invariance principle, namely, invariance with respect to a change in the system of dimensional units. These priors do not represent total ignorance and they do not suffer from the aforementioned conceptual difficulties. This Dimensional Invariance Requirement (DIR) leads to a class of prior densities, which constitute a generalization of Jeffrey’s proposal concerning priors of inherently positive variables. This generalization possesses certain important features, from a formal as well as an interpretive viewpoint, which involve the notion of a knowledge-based natural reference point of physical random variables (RV). Conceptual difficulties associated with uninformative priors are resolved, whereas well-established results are derived as special cases of the DIR. Application of this requirement to a system of RV yields the familiar result that at the prior knowledge stage these variables should be considered as independent. Prior distributions for non-dimensional physical quantities are obtained by defining these variables in terms of dimensional quantities. A logarithmic transformation carries the physical prior into a uniform (flat) density that is convenient in certain applications. In a companion paper we examine the improvements gained in the maximum entropy context by means of the proposed class of physical prior densities.     

卫星遥感与咸阳“城市热岛”特征分析

随着气象事业的发展,大众对气象节目的日益关注,气象科普节目已越来越受到人们的欢迎。本文通过具体的事例,阐述了气象科普节目的创作思路,将气象知识与电视创作有机地结合起来。     

面向地理特征的制图综合指标体系和知识法则的建立与应用研究

本文以地球系统科学、地球信息科学和现代地图学的理论、方法和技术为指导,系统地研究和建立了面向地理特征的制图综合的指标体系和知识法则,并进行了实例应用分析。研究方法是采用地学分析和归纳、地图分析、专家咨询、ＧＩＳ和遥感空间分析等方法来总结、提炼和建立制图综合的指标体系和知识法则。指标类型包括数据指标、文字说明指标、图形指标３种,共分数据库概括(即语义概括)和地图可视化概括(即图形概括)两类。知识法则在横向由几何性知识、结构性知识、过程性知识构成,在纵向按照地物的地理特征描述性知识、操作项选择知识规则、算法选择知识规则、面向专门地理要素和制图综合知识规则、面向区域制图综合的知识规则等过程和方面来组织和分类。在知识库中则按照概括条件、概括行为和概括要求(或概括水平)３个变量来组织,形成三维坐标关系的知识法则内部体系。在实例分析中阐述了珠江三角洲经济区的交通网络图的制图综合过程和结果。     

关于知识经济与网络的理论思考

２１世纪是知识经济的世纪。知识经济的到来有其历史的必然性。它的本质特征是劳动资料取得了网络的形式,从而与机器经济相区分。知识经济的产业结构的核心是信息产业,而信息产业的核心是网络技术。网络已经深入到社会生活的方方面面。强化人们的信息观念与网络观念,加快信息网络化的建设,将对我国经济发展具有重大意义     

层间剪切带工程地质专家系统知识模型的建立

层间剪切带工程地质专家系统是一个专门对层间剪切带工程地质问题进行研究和评价的实用型专家系统。本文介绍了为研制该系统而建立起来的领域知识结构模型, 该知识模型是在总结、归纳该领域三位著名专家的知识和经验的基础上建立起来的, 是专家系统知识表达及推理策略的基础。