非开挖铺设地下管线施工方法及设备的类型

文章介绍了非开挖技术的种类和各自所适用的范围 ,国内外目前所用的材料及设备的类型和近期非开挖技术所取得的新进展。希望以此促进该技术在我国快速推广和健康发展。     

2001-2020年中国湿地公园研究进展与热点趋势分析

以CNKI中文核心期刊论文为数据源,通过运用知识图谱软件Lexcimencer对中国2001—2020年湿地公园研究进行可视化分析,绘制研究热点以及共现关系图谱。结果表明:(1)2001—2010年,我国湿地公园研究开始起步,聚焦规范湿地公园的概念、建设和管理;(2)2010—2020年,我国湿地公园研究蓬勃发展,以湿地保护和可持续发展为目标,进一步细化建设技术、评估指标体系和空间优化手段;(3)我国湿地公园研究的广度、深度和学科交互性持续提升,并在一定程度上受政策驱动;(4)在湿地全面保护的新阶段,应注重提升湿地公园生态系统的质量和稳定性,促进人与自然和谐共生。     

A data mining based approach to predict spatiotemporal changes in satellite images

The interpretation of remotely sensed images in a spatiotemporal context is becoming a valuable research topic. However, the constant growth of data volume in remote sensing imaging makes reaching conclusions based on collected data a challenging task. Recently, data mining appears to be a promising research field leading to several interesting discoveries in various areas such as marketing, surveillance, fraud detection and scientific discovery. By integrating data mining and image interpretation techniques, accurate and relevant information (i.e. functional relation between observed parcels and a set of informational contents) can be automatically elicited.     

Mapping the climate sceptical blogosphere

While mainstream scientific knowledge production has been extensively examined in the academic literature, comparatively little is known about alternative networks of scientific knowledge production. Online sources such as blogs are an especially under-investigated site of knowledge contestation. Using degree centrality and node betweenness tests from social network analysis, and thematic content analysis of individual posts, this research identifies and critically examines the climate sceptical blogosphere and investigates whether a focus on particular themes contributes to the positioning of the most central blogs. A network of 171 individual blogs is identified, with three blogs in particular found to be the most central: Climate Audit, JoNova and Watts Up With That. These blogs predominantly focus on the scientific element of the climate debate, providing either a direct scientifically-based challenge to mainstream climate science, or a critique of the conduct of the climate science system. This overt scientific framing, as opposed to explicitly highlighting differences in values, politics, or ideological worldview, appears to be an important contributory factor in the positioning of the most central blogs. It is suggested that these central blogs are key protagonists in a process of attempted expert knowledge de-legitimisation and contestation, acting not only as translators between scientific research and lay audiences, but, in their reinterpretation of existing climate science knowledge claims, are acting themselves as alternative public sites of expertise for a climate sceptical audience.     

Evaluating knowledge exchange in interdisciplinary and multi-stakeholder research

Interdisciplinary and multi-stakeholder research is increasingly being promoted and implemented to enhance understanding of global environment change, identify holistic policy solutions, and assist implementation. These research activities are social processes aiming to enhance the exchange and translation of knowledge. Emphasis on the design and management of knowledge exchange is increasing, but learning about how to do this better is hampered by lack of conceptual development and appropriate methods to evaluate complex and multifaceted knowledge exchange processes. This paper therefore develops principles for the evaluation of knowledge exchange in interdisciplinary, multi-stakeholder environmental change research. The paper is based on an analysis of 135 peer-reviewed evaluations of knowledge exchange from diverse disciplines. The results indicate strong relationships between the field of study (e.g. health care, environmental management), the way knowledge and knowledge exchange were conceptualised and implemented, the approach used for the evaluation, and the outcomes being evaluated. A typology of seven knowledge exchange evaluations is presented to guide discussions about the underlying assumptions of different approaches to knowledge exchange and its evaluation. Five principles for knowledge exchange evaluation are also identified: (i) design for multiple end users; (ii) be explicit about why a particular approach to knowledge exchange is expected to deliver its outcomes; (iii) evaluate diverse outcomes; (iv) use evaluations as part of the process of delivering knowledge exchange; and (v) use mixed methods to evaluate knowledge exchange. We conclude that a catch-all approach to evaluation is neither appropriate nor desirable. Instead, approaches that focus on understanding the underlying processes of knowledge exchange, assess the relative contribution of other factors in shaping outcomes in addition to knowledge exchange, and that involve multiple stakeholders in implementing evaluations, will be the most appropriate for evaluating knowledge exchange in interdisciplinary global environmental change research.     

An algebraic approach to automated geospatial information fusion

This paper presents a new technique for information fusion. Unlike most previous work on information fusion, this paper explores the use of instance‐level (extensional) information within the fusion process. This paper proposes an algorithm that can be used automatically to infer the schema‐level structure necessary for information fusion from instance‐level information. The approach is illustrated using the example of geospatial land‐cover data. The method is then extended to operate under uncertainty, such as in cases where the data are inaccurate or imprecise. The paper describes the implementation of the fusion method within a software prototype. Finally, the paper discusses several key topics for future research, including applications of this work to spatial‐data mining and the semantic web.     

地学信息图谱思想与实践探索

本文回顾和综述了陈述彭院士关于地学信息图谱的学术思想,该学术思想来源于陈先生的科学实践。他提出了地学信息图谱的相关概念及其类型体系,地学信息图谱是地学图谱与现代信息技术结合的产物。地学信息图谱的核心在于发现地学时空知识和规律,并能为社会经济建设提供应用服务。按研究对象划分为地学各分支学科的信息图谱和各行业的信息图谱,按功能划分为：征兆图谱、诊断图谱和实现图谱。陈先生发展了地学信息图谱生成的技术方法,提出了地学信息图谱的工作流程,促进了地学信息图谱在经济社会发展中的应用。陈先生指出了发展地学信息图谱的创新方向：创新地学大数据获取技术方法,提升地学信息图谱生成智能化与自动化水平,促进地学信息图谱应用的深度和广度。陈先生指出网格地图是地学信息图谱的重要基础。该思想至今对推动地球信息科学的发展及其在解决国家重大战略需求方面,仍然具有重要的指导意义。总结了在陈先生地学信息图谱思想的指导下,在地学信息图谱方面的一些实践探索和结果,包括：发展了基于知识发现的专题信息提取和多数据多知识协同的精细地表要素获取的技术方法,提高了水体、绿被、积雪和城乡聚落提取以及精细土地利用和精细植被类型信息获取的自动化水平和效率;拓展了时空变化图谱的研究和应用,提升了时空变化图谱生成的智能化水平和效率;地学信息图谱在社会经济发展、生态建设、环境保护和灾害风险防控等方面的应用实践已展示出了巨大前景。最后,结合新时代共建全球人类命运共同体和地球科学国际化的重大战略需求,提出了开展全球地学信息图谱关键技术与应用研究,以期实现地表大观测到大数据,再到大知识大应用的提升转化,支撑地表治理体系和治理能力的现代化,提升地学服务经济社会发展的水平和能力,彰显学科特色与优势。     

Species at risk in Canada: Lessons learned from the listing of three species of wolffish

The Canadian Species at Risk Act (SARA) was implemented in 2003. Since 2003, no fully marine Atlantic Canadian fish species has been listed and some observers are seriously questioning the extent to which SARA is effectively protecting marine fish species. Three species of wolffish found in North Atlantic waters were placed onto the SARA list in 2003 when it was implemented. The Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC) originally listed these species in 2000 and 2001. The COSEWIC listings were based on catch-rate trends over large spatial scales from a relatively short time series of offshore research vessel survey data and status reports derived from research for an honours thesis. This case study of the wolffish listings draws on results from semi-structured interviews with key informants familiar with the listing and post-listing events, an analysis of existing documents and research on the SARA process, and on data from wolffish-focused Local Ecological Knowledge (LEK) interviews with commercial fish harvesters in the Northern Gulf of St. Lawrence. The results shed light on the wolffish listing process including perceptions of how the implementation of SARA has affected the process and prospects for listing fully marine species. The post-SARA listing developments in relation to wolffish, including harvesters' views about the listing are also explored. The results indicate mixed views about the benefits and problems associated with the requirement for public consultations and incorporation of stakeholder knowledge into the listing process under SARA. There is some evidence that the wolffish listing process has increased harvester stewardship and engagement and benefitted from their input into the safe release of wolffish. Finally, little attention has been paid by any of the stakeholder groups consulted to the potential future delisting of wolffish, arguably the most important goal of species conservation initiatives. Without delisting requirements or timelines set out in a species recovery plan it is impossible to establish concrete guidelines for recovery.     

Integrating the science education nexus into coastal governance: A Mediterranean and Black Sea case study

Although continued knowledge acquisition is necessary, there is an increasing need for innovative manipulation. Consequently, the roles of sound science and considered educational practice need clarification within coastal policy. Research data, collected via semi-structured interviews with representatives of government and quasi government organisations encompassing various Mediterranean and Black Sea countries, was subsequently assessed alongside published work. Principal findings emphasised that policy makers need to engage more coherently with the existing science education nexus to facilitate, but not format research agendas. Although extensive information is readily available, there is need for further manipulation, translation, coordination, communication and adaptation between policy portfolios. Consequently, the science education nexus should be internalised into policy formulation, implementation and monitoring. Furthermore, to develop shared awareness, considered dissemination of knowledge and understanding requires both vertical and horizontal integration. Policy results should be clear and innovative knowledge transfer fora, using Technology Enhanced Dissemination (TED) within culturally sensitive contexts, must be developed. Science and education require legal incorporation from which professional norms and authority can evolve. Findings suggested that although the science is ‘hard’, incorporating it into policy decisions is ‘harder’ and hence, more effort is needed.     

Knowledge and practices regarding water,sanitation and hygiene (WASH) among mothers of under-fives in Mawabeni,Umzingwane District of Zimbabwe

The research study sought to assess knowledge and practices of mothers of under-fives regarding WASH in Mawabeni communal area in Zimbabwe. Focus group discussions, interviews, questionnaires and observation checklists were used to collect data. Data was analysed by developing specific themes related to the objectives and then frequencies were computed in Microsoft Excel. The mean score on WASH knowledge for the mothers of under-fives according to the Knowledge Index was 1. Knowledge regarding safety of water from different sources was generally poor with 70% of the mothers regarding water from surface sources to be safe to drink without treatment. Use of wide mouthed containers without lids was also common in the study area. However, no relationship was established between the type of water container used and the socio-demographic characteristics of the respondents. Knowledge regarding the importance of ablutions was generally good as highlighted by 78% of the mothers who regarded latrines as being important in prevention and control of diseases as well as for hygiene purposes. However, latrine ownership was noted to be related to the income level of the household (p < 0.0001). A total of 57% of the mothers had good knowledge on hand washing, indicating that it helped to prevent diseases. Generally, knowledge levels and sanitation practices on WASH among mothers of under-fives in Mawabeni were both poor and this could be a contributory factor to the high incidence of diarrheal diseases for under-fives in the area.