库鲁克塔格基性岩墙群K—Ar等时年龄测定及其有关问题讨论

新疆库鲁克塔格基性岩墙群的四个样品的Ｋ－Ａｒ表观年龄为４５５－６７３Ｍａ,等时年龄为２８７±１３Ｍａ。这一年龄与近几年报道的沿天山构造带的早二叠世火山岩年龄一致。氩初始值为５０８,在Ｐ型岩浆范围内,结合稀土、微量元素特征,认为岩墙群与地幔热柱有成因联系。     

单细胞绿藻的77K荧光特异性研究

实验测定了10种单细胞绿藻包括5种淡水藻:雪衣藻(Chlamydomonas nivalis UTEX2765)、椭圆小球藻(Chlorella ellipsoidea CH)、绿球藻(Chloroccum tatrense UTEX2227)、斜生栅藻(Scenedesmus obliquus)、雨生红球藻(Haematococcus sp.CSIRO:CS-321)和5种海水藻:杜氏盐藻(Dunaliella salina)、四爿藻(Tetraselmis sp.)、蒜头藻(Monodus subterraneus)、小新月藻(Closterium venus)、亚心形扁藻(Platymonas subcordiformis)的77k荧光光谱,并与大型海洋绿藻以及高等植物菠菜进行了比较。结果表明,10种单细胞绿藻都缺少作为高等植物PSⅠ主要表征的730nm长波荧光峰。按荧光主峰的波长,可以分为2种类型:雪衣藻、绿球藻、杜氏盐藻、四爿藻、蒜头藻、小新月藻、亚心形扁藻的荧光主峰位于684nm,椭圆小球藻、斜生栅藻、雨生红球藻的荧光主峰位于714nm。这个结果与海洋管藻目绿藻和某些大型海洋绿藻的荧光特性一致。另外,绿藻PSⅠ缺少730nm长波荧光峰具有普遍性,预示这些藻类在PSⅠ结构以及能量传递等方面与高等植物有很大的差异。     

糖蜜酒精废液中钾测定方法的研究

采用四苯硼钠溶液滴定电导-测量法,对糖蜜酒精废液中钾的测定方法进行了研究。该法简便快速,测定周期仅需20m in左右,所需试剂种类和用量少,准确度和精密度与四苯硼钾重量法相当。     

Variations of the Nutrients Loads to the Mainland U.K. Estuaries: Correlation with Catchment Areas, Urbanization and Coastal Eutrophication

The annual loads of nutrients (TO_xN equal to nitrate+nitrite; ammonium, phosphate, silicate) to all the estuaries on the mainland of the United Kingdom were estimated from data on water flow through gauging stations at the tidal limits of estuaries, and from concentration measurements under the Harmonised Monitoring Scheme of nutrient concentrations in water samples from these stations. The annual loads of nutrients showed distinct regional variations, with estuaries along the west coast of Wales and northern Scotland having much smaller loads than those along the east coast of England. The largest nitrogen loads were of TO_xN, and ammonium loads were usually small in comparison. The Severn, Mersey, Humber and Thames had the highest loads, although these were small in relation to the larger continental European estuaries. Loads of TO_xN per unit of catchment area were surprisingly constant (about 10⁵ moles N km⁻² y⁻¹). The nutrient loads showed that most U.K. catchments were influenced by human activity, the majority being in the ‘ moderately influenced ’ category. Nutrient loads were also normalized for the area of each estuary, as a measure of the relative influence of nutrients on the receiving estuaries. The ratios of N:P, N:Si and P:Si in the annual loads suggested that most estuaries were likely to be, if anything, P limited rather than N or Si limited. However, crude annual loads may conceal significant seasonal variations.The spring maximum chlorophylla concentrations in coastal waters adjacent to each estuary were significantly correlated with the log total annual loads of TO_xN, ammonium and phosphate (but not silicate) for each estuary, providing a direct link between a measure of the degree of biological response in coastal waters and the nutrient load through the estuaries. There were no significant correlations between spring maximum chlorophyll a concentrations and either catchment-normalized or estuary-normalized nutrient loads. There was significant correlation between catchment area-normalized loads of phosphate and an urbanization index for the catchments, but not with the catchment area-normalized loads of the other nutrients.     

Scale‐dependency of hydraulic conductivity: an example from Thorne Moor,a raised mire in South Yorkshire,UK

The hydraulic conductivity (K) of many low permeability materials is strongly scale‐dependent. In raised mires and other types of peat deposit the effects of features such as abandoned infilled ditches, root holes and localized woody material, cause K to be heterogeneous and scale‐dependent. Despite this, field measurements are routinely made using auger hole (slug) tests at the scale of only a few tens of centimetres. Such measurements are locally valid, but where the regional subsurface movement of water through peat bogs is simulated using groundwater models, typically at the scale of hundreds of metres, they give rise to a systematic underestimate of flows and an overprediction of water table elevations. Until now, techniques to obtain values at a scale sufficiently large to include the effects of localized features of higher permeability have not been applied routinely. Research at Thorne Moor, a large raised mire, demonstrates that the K of peat varies over several orders of magnitude when measured at different scales, using a variety of techniques. Laboratory and auger hole tests cannot be relied upon to provide results that represent the hydraulic conductivity of large expanses of peatland. This has significant implications for the management and long‐term restoration of peatlands where both regional and local control of water levels is crucial. For groundwater models to be used successfully to plan such schemes, it is essential to apply the K values relevant to the scale of the simulation. This paper describes and tests novel techniques, using ditches, for the derivation of K at large scales which overcome many of the problems that have been identified with conventional techniques and are capable of producing estimates that are appropriate to the application of physically based regional flow models. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Stable isotopic studies of dinosaur eggshells from the Nanxiong Basin, South China

Stable carbon and oxygen isotopes have been observed in dinosaur eggshell samples,identified as Macroolithus yaotunensis,collected in two sections of the Nanxiong Basin,Guangdong Province,South China.Multiple positiveδ18O perturbations that occurred during the K/T transition of about 150 ka suggest that there may have been at least three periods of the extreme dry climate with a mean annual air temperature over 27℃.δ13C ranges from -8.37‰ to -11.60‰ of the dinosaur eggshells,added to the metabolic enrichment of 16‰,may indicate that the dinosaurs represented by this type of eggshells probably consumed the plant species of C3 type with the δ13C values of -24.3‰- -27.6‰.Moreover,the trend toward more negative δ13C values of the eggshells during the K/T transition could be an indirect consequence of a lasting increase in atmospheric CO2 concentration.     

广西平南玄武岩的地球化学特征

平南碱性玄武岩产于 NE向的区域性断裂中 ,岩石类型有两类 ,一为碧玄岩 ,全岩 K- Ar年龄为 50 .8Ma,含各类包体 ,有以下特征 :1)含地幔岩包体 ,2 ) [Mg]=0 .78,3)在 Fe O/mol- Mgo/mol图解上液相线橄榄石的成分位于 Fo90～ Fo94之间 ,与橄榄岩包体中的橄榄石成分完全一致。4 ) Ni=0 .0 4 ( % ) <0 .0 5( % ) ,5)其熔浆密度为 2 .62 g/cm3,粘度为 2 .52 Pa· s,携带 4 cm直径包体上升的速度为 37.7cm/s,上升的速度较快 ,具原生碧玄岩浆的特点 ,岩浆液相线的温度为12 86℃ ,起源压力为 1.8GPa,玄武岩富集轻稀土可能与地幔性质有关。一为粗面玄武岩 ,不含包体 ,全岩 K- Ar年龄为 4 9.9Ma,岩浆液相线的温度为 1162℃ ,是进化岩浆。玄武岩的 Nd、Sr同位素显示为亏损地幔源区。它们都是大陆拉张环境下的产物 ,与中国东部新生代玄武岩的形成背景一致。     

CaII K imaging to understand UV irradiance variability

To identify and understand the underlying physical mechanisms of total solar and UV irradiance variability and to estimate the contribution of various chromospheric features to UV irradiance, detailed analysis of spatially resolved data is required. The various chromospheric features have been segregated and different parameters have been derived from CaII K Spectroheliograms of NSO/Sac Peak and Kodaikanal Observatory and compared with UV irradiance flux measured in MgII h and k lines by NOAA 9 satellite. The important results of this detailed analysis of CaII K Images of 1992 together with UV irradiance data will be discussed in this paper.     

Distribution of calcareous dinoflagellates from the Maastrichtian to early Miocene of DSDP Site 357 (Rio Grande Rise, western South Atlantic Ocean)

 The evolution of calcareous dinoflagellate communities has been investigated for the latest Cretaceous to earliest Neogene interval of the mid-latitude South Atlantic. In doing so, the response of calcareous dinoflagellates to Cenozoic climatic change has been addressed for the first time. Trends in species composition and distribution patterns of wall types indicate significant changes which correlate with major palaeoenvironmental modifications. A first major shift concerning the relative abundance of species and wall types occurred across the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary. The associations remained stable during the entire Paleocene and Eocene. Only in the late Eocene did a dramatic decrease in temperature cause a slight diversification. A second major shift in the abundance patterns occurred across the Eocene–Oligocene boundary. The early Miocene warming is possibly reflected in the distinct increase in relative abundance of one species. The assemblages of calcareous dinoflagellates evidently react to major climatic changes during the Cenozoic. These poorly investigated organisms may thus provide an important contribution to the understanding of earth's palaeoclimatic evolution. Received: 9 November 1998 / Accepted: 4 April 1999     

Behavior of sand–rubber particle mixtures: experimental observations and numerical simulations

A series of laboratory experiments and numerical simulations are conducted to explore the characteristics of mixtures composed of sand and rubber particles of the same median diameter. The mixtures are prepared with different volumetric sand fractions (sf = V_sand/V_total). The experiment focuses on assessing the strain level on the characteristics of the mixture with the volume fraction of each component. Numerical simulations using the discrete element method are performed to obtain insight into the microscale behavior and internal mechanism of the mixtures. The experimental results show that the behavior of the mixtures is dependent on the relative sand and rubber particles composition with variation in the strain levels. The numerical simulation reveals the effect of the soft rubber particle inclusion in the mixture on the micromechanical parameters. In low sand fraction mixtures, a high shear stress along the contact is mobilized, and the stress state is driven to a more anisotropic condition because of the relatively high particle friction angle of the rubber. The rubber particles play different roles with the strain level in the mixture, including increasing the coordination number and controlling plasticity of the mixture in a small strain, preventing buckling of the force chain in an intermediate strain, and leading to contractive behavior in a large strain. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.