Remote sensing of intertidal morphological change in Morecambe Bay,U.K., between 1991 and 2007

Tidal Flats are important examples of extensive areas of natural environment that remain relatively unaffected by man. Monitoring of tidal flats is required for a variety of purposes. Remote sensing has become an established technique for the measurement of topography over tidal flats. A further requirement is to measure topographic changes in order to measure sediment budgets. To date there have been few attempts to make quantitative estimates of morphological change over tidal flat areas. This paper illustrates the use of remote sensing to measure quantitative and qualitative changes in the tidal flats of Morecambe Bay during the relatively long period 1991–2007. An understanding of the patterns of sediment transport within the Bay is of considerable interest for coastal management and defence purposes. Tidal asymmetry is considered to be the dominant cause of morphological change in the Bay, with the higher currents associated with the flood tide being the main agency moulding the channel system. Quantitative changes were measured by comparing a Digital Elevation Model (DEM) of the intertidal zone formed using the waterline technique applied to satellite Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images from 1991–1994, to a second DEM constructed from airborne laser altimetry data acquired in 2005. Qualitative changes were studied using additional SAR images acquired since 2003. A significant movement of sediment from below Mean Sea Level (MSL) to above MSL was detected by comparing the two Digital Elevation Models, though the proportion of this change that could be ascribed to seasonal effects was not clear. Between 1991 and 2004 there was a migration of the Ulverston channel of the river Leven north-east by about 5 km, followed by the development of a straighter channel to the west, leaving the previous channel decoupled from the river. This is thought to be due to independent tidal and fluvial forcing mechanisms acting on the channel. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of remote sensing for measurement of long-term morphological change in tidal flat areas. An alternative use of waterlines as partial bathymetry for assimilation into a morphodynamic model of the coastal zone is also discussed.     

基于混合高斯密度模型和空间上下文信息的遥感影像变化检测方法及扩展

在运用混合高斯密度模型对差分影像建模的基础上,分别采用顾及上下文信息的概率松弛迭代法和马尔可夫随机场模型法进行影像的变化检测.首先,提出一种运用遗传K均值算法与EM算法联合解算高斯混合密度模型参数的方法,该方法可以自动地解算出模型的统计参数,结果与手工选择样本的解算结果完全一致.然后,比较概率松弛迭代法以及马尔可夫随机场模型法的影像变化检测效果,得出基于模拟退火法的马尔可夫随机场法效果较好的结论.最后,对传统的基于模拟退火法的马尔可夫随机场方法进行改进,提出了一种变权马尔可夫随机场方法,检测结果能更好地保持影像的结构性,并有效去除了孤立噪声.     

K-Ar法地质年龄标准物质ZBJ角闪石的定值结果

为了满足K-Ar定年中K和⁴⁰Ar^*分析的质量监控及Ar-Ar法样品在反应堆照射时中子通量监测的需要,我国氩同位素年代学工作者研制了一个K-Ar法年龄标准物质ZBJ角闪石,它采自北京房山花岗闪长岩体。它的⁴⁰Ar-³⁹Ar阶段加热分析结果表明:⁴⁰Ar^*在矿物晶格中保存均匀稳定,年龄谱平坦,³⁹Ar析出量高达97%。这些证据充分表明该黑云母结晶以后未受过热扰动,40K-⁴⁰Ar^*同位素计时体系封闭良好。坪年龄为133.3±0.6Ma,总气体年龄为134.4±1.4Ma,³⁶Ar/⁴⁰Ar-³⁹Ar/⁴⁰Ar反等时线年龄为133.2±0.8Ma,⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar初始值为297.6±4.8,此值与(⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar)a大气氩丰度比(295.5±0.5)处于同一范围,表明样品不含过剩氩。这几个年龄值的一致性,说明该样品具有良好的均匀性和稳定性,它作为K-Ar和Ar-Ar法地质年龄标准物质是适合的。ZBJ角闪石均匀性检验结果表明:在0.05显著性水平下经统计学方法检验,证明K和⁴⁰Ar^*的F分布值小于F临界值,说明该样品是均匀的。国内8个实验室参加了ZBJ角闪石K含量和⁴⁰Ar^*含量的定值分析,经统计学方法检验,结果显示全部定值数据都服从正态分布并具等精度。在置信概率为0.95时,⁴⁰Ar*和K含量的相对标准偏差都小于1%。两个特性量值定值分析结果的一致值(认定值)和不确定度分别为:⁴⁰Ar^*=(2.464±0.018)×10^-10mol/g,K=(1.027±0.008)%,K-Ar年龄(标准值)=133.3±1.5Ma(2σ)。此标准物质纯度为98.1%,粒度为0.15～0.30mm,总重量为740g,缩分成最小样品单元共100瓶,每瓶7.4g,可供我国K-Ar和Ar-Ar法同位素年代学实验室使用37年。     

糖蜜酒精废液中钾测定方法的研究

采用四苯硼钠溶液滴定电导-测量法,对糖蜜酒精废液中钾的测定方法进行了研究。该法简便快速,测定周期仅需20m in左右,所需试剂种类和用量少,准确度和精密度与四苯硼钾重量法相当。     

Variations of the Nutrients Loads to the Mainland U.K. Estuaries: Correlation with Catchment Areas, Urbanization and Coastal Eutrophication

The annual loads of nutrients (TO_xN equal to nitrate+nitrite; ammonium, phosphate, silicate) to all the estuaries on the mainland of the United Kingdom were estimated from data on water flow through gauging stations at the tidal limits of estuaries, and from concentration measurements under the Harmonised Monitoring Scheme of nutrient concentrations in water samples from these stations. The annual loads of nutrients showed distinct regional variations, with estuaries along the west coast of Wales and northern Scotland having much smaller loads than those along the east coast of England. The largest nitrogen loads were of TO_xN, and ammonium loads were usually small in comparison. The Severn, Mersey, Humber and Thames had the highest loads, although these were small in relation to the larger continental European estuaries. Loads of TO_xN per unit of catchment area were surprisingly constant (about 10⁵ moles N km⁻² y⁻¹). The nutrient loads showed that most U.K. catchments were influenced by human activity, the majority being in the ‘ moderately influenced ’ category. Nutrient loads were also normalized for the area of each estuary, as a measure of the relative influence of nutrients on the receiving estuaries. The ratios of N:P, N:Si and P:Si in the annual loads suggested that most estuaries were likely to be, if anything, P limited rather than N or Si limited. However, crude annual loads may conceal significant seasonal variations.The spring maximum chlorophylla concentrations in coastal waters adjacent to each estuary were significantly correlated with the log total annual loads of TO_xN, ammonium and phosphate (but not silicate) for each estuary, providing a direct link between a measure of the degree of biological response in coastal waters and the nutrient load through the estuaries. There were no significant correlations between spring maximum chlorophyll a concentrations and either catchment-normalized or estuary-normalized nutrient loads. There was significant correlation between catchment area-normalized loads of phosphate and an urbanization index for the catchments, but not with the catchment area-normalized loads of the other nutrients.     

Scale‐dependency of hydraulic conductivity: an example from Thorne Moor,a raised mire in South Yorkshire,UK

The hydraulic conductivity (K) of many low permeability materials is strongly scale‐dependent. In raised mires and other types of peat deposit the effects of features such as abandoned infilled ditches, root holes and localized woody material, cause K to be heterogeneous and scale‐dependent. Despite this, field measurements are routinely made using auger hole (slug) tests at the scale of only a few tens of centimetres. Such measurements are locally valid, but where the regional subsurface movement of water through peat bogs is simulated using groundwater models, typically at the scale of hundreds of metres, they give rise to a systematic underestimate of flows and an overprediction of water table elevations. Until now, techniques to obtain values at a scale sufficiently large to include the effects of localized features of higher permeability have not been applied routinely. Research at Thorne Moor, a large raised mire, demonstrates that the K of peat varies over several orders of magnitude when measured at different scales, using a variety of techniques. Laboratory and auger hole tests cannot be relied upon to provide results that represent the hydraulic conductivity of large expanses of peatland. This has significant implications for the management and long‐term restoration of peatlands where both regional and local control of water levels is crucial. For groundwater models to be used successfully to plan such schemes, it is essential to apply the K values relevant to the scale of the simulation. This paper describes and tests novel techniques, using ditches, for the derivation of K at large scales which overcome many of the problems that have been identified with conventional techniques and are capable of producing estimates that are appropriate to the application of physically based regional flow models. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Stable isotopic studies of dinosaur eggshells from the Nanxiong Basin, South China

Stable carbon and oxygen isotopes have been observed in dinosaur eggshell samples,identified as Macroolithus yaotunensis,collected in two sections of the Nanxiong Basin,Guangdong Province,South China.Multiple positiveδ18O perturbations that occurred during the K/T transition of about 150 ka suggest that there may have been at least three periods of the extreme dry climate with a mean annual air temperature over 27℃.δ13C ranges from -8.37‰ to -11.60‰ of the dinosaur eggshells,added to the metabolic enrichment of 16‰,may indicate that the dinosaurs represented by this type of eggshells probably consumed the plant species of C3 type with the δ13C values of -24.3‰- -27.6‰.Moreover,the trend toward more negative δ13C values of the eggshells during the K/T transition could be an indirect consequence of a lasting increase in atmospheric CO2 concentration.     

广西平南玄武岩的地球化学特征

平南碱性玄武岩产于 NE向的区域性断裂中 ,岩石类型有两类 ,一为碧玄岩 ,全岩 K- Ar年龄为 50 .8Ma,含各类包体 ,有以下特征 :1)含地幔岩包体 ,2 ) [Mg]=0 .78,3)在 Fe O/mol- Mgo/mol图解上液相线橄榄石的成分位于 Fo90～ Fo94之间 ,与橄榄岩包体中的橄榄石成分完全一致。4 ) Ni=0 .0 4 ( % ) <0 .0 5( % ) ,5)其熔浆密度为 2 .62 g/cm3,粘度为 2 .52 Pa· s,携带 4 cm直径包体上升的速度为 37.7cm/s,上升的速度较快 ,具原生碧玄岩浆的特点 ,岩浆液相线的温度为12 86℃ ,起源压力为 1.8GPa,玄武岩富集轻稀土可能与地幔性质有关。一为粗面玄武岩 ,不含包体 ,全岩 K- Ar年龄为 4 9.9Ma,岩浆液相线的温度为 1162℃ ,是进化岩浆。玄武岩的 Nd、Sr同位素显示为亏损地幔源区。它们都是大陆拉张环境下的产物 ,与中国东部新生代玄武岩的形成背景一致。     

TWO TYPES OF CENOZOIC HIGH-K MAGMATINSM IN EASTERN TIBET:IMPLICATIONS FOR THE NATURE OF MANTLE SOURCES

TWO TYPES OF CENOZOIC HIGH-K MAGMATINSM IN EASTERN TIBET:IMPLICATIONS FOR THE NATURE OF MANTLE SOURCES1　ArnaudNO ,VidalP ,TapponnierP ,etal.ThehighK2 OvolcanismofnorthwesternTibet:geochemistryandtectonicim plications[J] :EarthPlanetSciLett,1991,11:351～ 36 7. 2　DengW .CenozoicvolcanicrocksinthenorthernNgaridistrictoftheTibet Discussionontheconcurrentsubduction[J] .Ac taPetrolSinica ,1989( 3) :1～ 11. 3　HarrisonTM ,LeloupPH ,RyersonFJ,…     

CaII K imaging to understand UV irradiance variability

To identify and understand the underlying physical mechanisms of total solar and UV irradiance variability and to estimate the contribution of various chromospheric features to UV irradiance, detailed analysis of spatially resolved data is required. The various chromospheric features have been segregated and different parameters have been derived from CaII K Spectroheliograms of NSO/Sac Peak and Kodaikanal Observatory and compared with UV irradiance flux measured in MgII h and k lines by NOAA 9 satellite. The important results of this detailed analysis of CaII K Images of 1992 together with UV irradiance data will be discussed in this paper.