入湖冰川物质平衡序列重建与分析--以喜马拉雅山北坡龙巴萨巴冰川为例北大核心CSCD

入湖冰川受冰湖作用影响,物质损失速率高于其他类型冰川,并导致冰湖进一步扩张,冰湖溃决风险增加。建立入湖冰川物质变化序列,对揭示不同类型冰川对气候变化的响应特征,以及评估冰湖溃决风险研究具有重要意义。基于中国地面气象要素驱动数据集和实测气象数据,采用冰川表面能量-物质平衡模型估算了冰川表面物质变化,并结合冰川流动和末端退缩特征,重建了1989-2018年龙巴萨巴冰川物质变化序列。结果表明,近30a龙巴萨巴冰川总物质损失为0.315km^(3)w.e.,平均物质变化速率为-0.114km^(3)w.e.·a^(-1)。冰川平均表面物质平衡为-0.26m w.e.·a^(-1),表面消融是冰川物质亏损的主要贡献因素。气温变化对冰川表面物质损失的影响高于降水;冰川表面物质平衡对夏季气温和降水变化的敏感性强于其他季节;表碛覆盖加速了冰川表面消融,且较薄的表碛厚度会加剧冰川表面物质损失。     

基于照明补偿的单程波最小二乘偏移

最小二乘偏移是一种基于反射地震数据与地下反射率间线性关系而建立起来的地震数据线性反演方法,相比常规偏移成像具有更好的保幅性能.本文提出了一种基于照明补偿的单程波最小二乘偏移方法,首先利用单程波方程的稳定Born近似广义屏波场传播算子构建反射地震数据与地下反射率间的线性算子,然后再应用线性最优化方法求解最小二乘偏移所对应的线性反问题.在迭代求解最优化问题的过程中,以地震波场的地下照明强度作为迭代反演的预条件算子加快迭代的收敛速度.单程波传播过程中考虑了速度分界面产生的透射效应,并用单极震源代替常规偏移中的偶极震源.把本文提出的方法应用于层状理论模型和Marmosi模型地震数据的数值试验中均取得了理想的结果.     

The relative contributions of alpine and subalpine ecosystems to the water balance of a mountainous,headwater catchment

Climate change is affecting the hydrology of high‐elevation mountain ecosystems, with implications for ecosystem functioning and water availability to downstream populations. We directly and continuously measured precipitation and evapotranspiration (ET) from both subalpine forest and alpine tundra portions of a single catchment, as well as discharge fluxes at the catchment outlet, to quantify the water balance of a mountainous, headwater catchment in Colorado, USA. Between 2008 and 2012, the water balance closure averaged 90% annually, and the catchment ET was the largest water output at 66% of precipitation. Alpine ET was greatest during the winter, in part because of sublimation from blowing snow, which contributed from 27% to 48% of the alpine, and 6% to 9% of the catchment water balance, respectively. The subalpine ET peaked in summer. Alpine areas generated the majority of the catchment discharge, despite covering only 31% of the catchment area. Although the average annual alpine runoff efficiency (discharge/precipitation; 40%) was greater than the subalpine runoff efficiency (19%), the subalpine runoff efficiency was more sensitive to changes in precipitation. Inter‐annual analysis of the evaporative and dryness indices revealed persistent moisture limitations at the catchment scale, although the alpine alternated between energy‐limited and water‐limited states in wet and dry years. Each ecosystem generally over‐generated discharge relative to that expected from a Budyko‐type model. The alpine and catchment water yields were relatively unaffected by annual meteorological variability, but this interpretation was dependent on the method used to quantify potential ET. Our results indicate that correctly accounting for dissimilar hydrological cycling above and below alpine treeline is critical to quantify the water balance of high‐elevation mountain catchments over periods of meteorological variability. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

热平衡茎流仪测量精度及误差来源分析

目前国内借助热平衡技术开展荒漠植物蒸腾耗水的研究已十分普遍,但涉及测量精度与误差来源的分析研究鲜有报道.本文对茎干热平衡茎流仪监测植株茎流的基本原理进行了介绍,并在此基础上论述了茎干热平衡方法在实际应用中的测量精度及误差的主要来源,为使用热平衡茎流仪监测植物,尤其是荒漠植物提供参考.水分是干旱、半干旱区植物生长的主要限制因子.明确荒漠植物的需水与耗水规律可以为荒漠区生态环境建设过程中的植被种类选择、布局及管理提供科学依据.     

湿地生态系统碳储存和温室气体排放研究

湿地生态系统是地球上重要的有机碳储库, 湿地植被和土壤碳储量丰富、碳密度高。湿地还是CO₂、CH₄和N₂O等温室气体的源和汇。近百年来,由于土地利用,特别是农业开发和泥炭开采,导致大面积湿地被排干,并排放大量温室气体。多项研究表明湿地保护和恢复能促进碳积累和减少温室气体排放,通过对国内外有关文献的分析,针对近年来科学界普遍关注的湿地生态系统碳储量、碳平衡和土地利用对温室气体排放的影响、湿地与全球气候变化关系等方面的问题进行了初步探讨。     

龙子祠泉域不同下垫面陆面蒸散量的对比研究

龙子祠泉域是北方著名的岩溶大泉,目前泉流量衰减严重,评估泉域内涵养水源林工程对岩溶水增补效果成为一项重要研究课题。本文利用NOAA/AVHRR遥感数据,运用地表能量平衡系统（SEBS）模型并结合临汾气象站的实际观测数据(气温、气压、相对湿度和风速),反演了龙子祠泉域2014年4-10月的日均蒸散量和月均蒸散量,通过GIS的空间叠加对比分析了不同岩性和不同植被覆盖率条件下的陆面蒸散量特征。结果表明:碳酸盐岩地区陆面蒸散量与植被覆盖率之间呈正相关关系,而碎屑岩地区中等植被覆盖率的陆面蒸散量最低,在整体上碎屑岩地区的陆面蒸散量要高于碳酸盐岩地区。仅从陆面蒸散量的角度考虑,在碎屑岩地区保持中等的植被覆盖率将有利于增加岩溶水的入渗补给量,而在碳酸盐岩地区开展植树造林将提高陆面蒸散量,不利于降水入渗补给。      

A lumped discrete population balance model for shear flocculation-model development

In the shear flocculation process, flocculation of ultrafine (size < 10 μm) hydrophobic particle occurs in the presence of a high shear field. Hence, it is necessary to consider both processes of coalescence and breakage, while modelling shear flocculation.In this paper, a lumped discrete population balance model is presented considering both processes of coalescence and breakage of flocs. A method is also proposed to convert discrete kernels to lumped discrete kernels by satisfying the constraints on them. The numerical solution of the model is compared with some special analytical solutions of the continuous population balance model, with which it is observed to be in agreement. The model equations are derived in such a way that it predicts correctly both the rate of change of number and the total volume of the flocs. The size distribution of a flocculating suspension can be predicted by this model.     

冰川均衡调整对南极冰质量平衡监测的影响及其不确定性

本文研究了新的全球冰川均衡调整(GIA)模型对南极冰盖质量平衡监测的影响,考虑现有冰川负荷模型和地幔黏滞度模型的差异,完整评估了结果的不确定性,最后结合GRACE和卫星测高的结果进行了对比分析.结果表明,GIA对GRACE监测的等效水柱变化有重大影响,较大的GIA影响出现在西南极,沿罗斯冰架-卡姆布冰流-罗尼冰架-南极半岛分布,最大值在卡姆布冰流,达到29.8 mm/a;GIA对南极整体冰质量平衡的影响达到134±28 Gt/a.在不确定性的方差中,西南极和东南极分别以冰负荷模型差异和地幔黏滞度差异影响为主,对整个南极,冰模型差异影响占88.4%;在一些典型地区,GRACE监测的等效水柱在扣除GIA前后分别是,卡姆布冰流~32.8 mm/a和~6.3 mm/a,阿蒙森海湾~-95.3 mm/a和~-102.5 mm/a,Enderby Land~13.6 mm/a和~8.1 mm/a.整个南极冰盖总质量变化在扣除GIA贡献后为-82±29 Gt/a,该估计与卫星测高结果较吻合.此外,GIA对卫星测高监测的冰面高程变化的影响一般不超过8%.本研究为空间大地测量监测南极冰质量平衡提供了新的改正模型.     

Water balance of the Sudanese savannah woodland region

Abstract

The annual water balance for 39 grid cells covering the savannah woodland region of Sudan (10–16°N; 21–36°E) was determined and regional maps produced. Long-term (1961–1990) mean monthly climate data, National Forest Inventory data and Harmonized World Soil Database data for arenosols and vertisols, the two dominant soil types in the region, were used. Model validation was performed using daily data from a site in one of the grid cells and inter-annual (1961–1990) variation examined for another grid cell. Rainfall varied from 147 to 732 mm and only exceeded evapotranspiration for 18 of the grid cells, resulting in a small increase in soil moisture and runoff. Evapotranspiration accounted for, on average, 96% of rainfall and there was little difference between soil types. Drainage only occurred from AR soils and for four of the grid cells. Runoff varied from 0 to 89 mm for arenosols and from 0 to 109 mm for vertisols. The study provided useful insights into the spatial variability in water balance components across the region.

Editor D. Koutsoyiannis; Associate editor D. Gerten