植物生长季海北高寒湿地辐射收支特征

依据祁连山海北高寒湿地植物生长期观测资料,分析了区域辐射收支情况及其变化特征.结果表明:祁连山海北高寒湿地有较强的太阳总辐射(DR),但地表反射辐射(UR)、地面有效辐射(ELR)较低;地表长波辐射(ULR)、大气逆辐射(DLR)、净辐射(R_n)均较高,且具有明显的日、季节变化.植物生长期5~9月的日变化振幅DR>Rn>UR>ULR>DLR>ELR,其总量表现出ULR>DLR>DR>R_n>UR>ELR,分别达4650.6、4225.5、3058.8、2156.2、477.6和425.1 MJ·m^-2.从月际分布来看,ULR、DLR、DR最高出现在7月,R_n出现在6月,UR出现在5月,ELR出现在8月,分别为980.3、913.1、721.5、554.9、112.1和127.4 MJ·m^-2.     

济阳坳陷下古生界碳酸盐岩烃源岩评价

应用生油生气量计算模型、岩石吸附油气量计算模型、油溶水溶气量计算模型、扩散气量计算模型计算了济阳坳陷(车镇、沾化和东营)下古生界碳酸盐岩的生烃量和残留耗散烃量,进而根据物质平衡原理计算出排烃量,根据排烃量的大小对目标层进行了烃源岩评价。结果表明,车镇、沾化和东营凹陷下古生界碳酸盐岩均为非油源岩、非气源岩。结合车25井、孤古2井和草古101井有机质成烃剖面,认为造成研究区烃源条件差的原因是有机质丰度过低。     

珠江口磨刀门河口动力平衡特点及人类活动对其影响

应用ECOMSED模型输出、运动方程简化等方法,研究了珠江口磨刀门河口动力平衡的特点。研究表明:在磨刀门河口动力平衡中,纵向的主要平衡项为压力项和垂向涡动摩擦项,侧向的主要平衡项为侧向正压力项和科氏力项。正压力为磨刀门河口动力的主导因素,但在枯季动力平衡中,斜压力也是不可忽略的项。人类活动对磨刀门河口动力最主要的影响是改变了正压力项的大小,近几十年来,磨刀门河口正压力呈减小的趋势。     

海冰热力模式的辐射参数化方案在渤海和波罗的海应用的比较

研究了海冰热力模式中的各种辐射参数化方案,对比了模式计算的太阳短波辐射、大气长波辐射以及海冰热力变化,并利用渤海和波罗的海观测资料进行比较和误差分析.冬季大部分时间太阳短波辐射对海冰热力过程的作用有限.简单计算方案一般满足海冰模式要求.误差主要受云和冰雪表面与大气之间的多重反射影响.长波辐射对表面热平衡和海冰质量变化起重要作用.长波辐射参数化方案的计算结果受环境因素影响.云量参数化有待进一步改进.海冰模式计算结果的精度与长波辐射计算精度有一致性.     

Temporal dynamics of evapotranspiration in semiarid native forests in Brazil and Spain using remote sensing

Evapotranspiration (ET) plays an important role in integrated water resource planning, development and management. This process is particularly relevant in semiarid regions. The aim of this study is, hence, to compare spatial and temporal patterns of actual ET, as well as the temporal trends in two different semiarid forests, Caatinga (Brazil) and Tierra de Pinares (Spain). We used the surface energy balance algorithm for land (SEBAL) to assess actual evapotranspiration (ET_a) in both areas. In the Brazilian semiarid forest, Caatinga is the main vegetation, while it is Pinares in Spain. For this purpose, 69 Landsat-5 and 42 Landsat-8 images (1995–2019) were used. The Mann–Kendall test was applied to assess the occurrence of trends in precipitation, temperature and potential ET data; and the Temporal Stability Index (TSI) to know which areas have greater seasonal ET_a. The annual amplitude of the potential evapotranspiration (ET₀) is the same in both areas, however, the Caatinga values are higher. In the Caatinga forest, when ET₀ presents its highest values throughout the year, ET_a presents the lowest, and vice versa. In the Pinares forest, ET_a follows the ET₀ dynamics during the year, and the difference between ET₀ and ET_a is maximum during the summer. The Caatinga forest showed a greater spatial variation of ET_a than the Pinares forest as well as a greater extension with lower temporal stability of ET_a than the Pinares forest. Both the Caatinga forest and the Pinares forest showed significant positive trends in annual ET₀ and ET_a. We estimate that the value of ET_a increases more rapidly in Pinares than in the Brazilian Caatinga. Taking Caatinga as a hydrological mirror, some consequences are expected to Pinares, such as significant changes in the water balance, increase of biodiversity vulnerability, and reduction of water availability in soil and reservoirs.     

基于水库模型的扎龙湿地水循环模拟

基于水库模型的概念,根据地形地物将扎龙湿地划分为相互联系的9个水库单元,对每个水库单元进行水量平衡模拟,建立了扎龙湿地水循环系统模拟模型。以月为时间步长,利用建立的模型对扎龙湿地1971-2003年33年的水循环过程进行模拟,应用1971-1981年出口径流量进行模型参数标定,应用1982-1987年出口径流量和12个水面面积对模型模拟效果进行检验。模拟的出口径流量效率系数和相关系数接近0.90,相对误差小于3%;模拟的湿地水面面积也具有满意的精度。模拟结果表明,建立的模型对湿地水循环系统具有较好的模拟能力。     

Mass balance and sources of mercury in Tokyo Bay

The mass balance and sources of mercury in Tokyo Bay were investigated on the basis of observations from December 2003 to January 2005. Estimated input terms included river discharge (70 kg yr⁻¹) and atmospheric deposition (37 kg yr⁻¹), and output terms were evasion (49 kg yr⁻¹), export (13 kg yr⁻¹) and sedimentation (495 kg yr⁻¹). Thus, the outputs (557 kg yr⁻¹) considerably exceeded the inputs (107 kg yr⁻¹). In addition, the imbalance between the inputs and outputs of mercury was much larger than that of other trace metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn), which suggests that there are other major inputs of mercury to Tokyo Bay. The mercury concentrations in rivers correlated significantly with the concentrations of Al and Fe, major components of soil. In Japan, large amounts of organomercurous fungicides (about 2500 tons as Hg) were used extensively in fields in the past, and most of the mercury was retained in the soil. In this study, the mercury concentration in rivers was measured primarily in ordinary runoff. These observations lead to the hypothesis that field soil discharged into stormwater runoff is a major source of mercury in Tokyo Bay. As a preliminary approach to validating this hypothesis, we measured the concentrations of mercury and other trace metals in river water during a typhoon. The mercury concentrations in stormwater runoff increased to 16–50 times the mean value in ordinary runoff, which is much higher than the increases for other metals. This tends to support the hypothesis.     

渤海、黄海、东海海面热量平衡的平均状况——Ⅱ.季节变化特征

本文分析了渤海、黄海、东海海面热量平衡诸分量及其总和的季节变化,结果表明,进入海面的太阳总辐射是海洋从海面得到热量的主要来源;海洋从海面失去热量的主要原因,在黑潮海域是海面蒸发潜热耗失引起的,在近海海域,春、夏季海面有效回辐射耗热超过蒸发耗热,秋冬季相反。海气之间的感热交换量较小,冬季较明显。结果还指出,在3—8月海洋计温期,海洋从海面得到热量,在9—翌年2月海洋降温期,海洋从海面失去热量。     

P-Vector inverse method evaluated using the modular ocean model (MOM)

Several major inverse methods (Stommel-Schott method, Wunsch method, and Bernoulli method) have been successfully developed to quantitatively estimate the geostrophic velocity at the reference level from hydrographic data. No matter the different appeance, they are based on the same dynamical sophistication: geostrophy, hydrostatic, and potential density (ϱ) conservation (Davis, 1978). The current inverse methods are all based on two conservation principles: potential density and potential vorticity (q=f∂ϱ/∂z) and require β-turning. Thus, two necessary conditions can be incorporated into any inverse methods: (1) non-coincidence of potential density and potential vorticity surfaces and (2) existence of vertical turning of the velocity (β-turning). This can be done using the P-Vector, a unit vector in the direction of ▽ϱ×▽q (Chu, 1994, 1995). The first necessary condition becomes the existence of the P-vector, and the second necessary condition leads to the existence of the P-vector turning in the water column. Along this line, we developed the P-vector inverse emthod with a pre-requirement check-up. The method was verified in this study using the Modular Ocean Model (MOM) from Pacanowskiet al. (1991) version of Bryan-Cox-Semtner ocean general circulation model (OGCM), which is based on the work of Bryan (1969). The statistically steady solutions of temperature and salinity from MOM are used as a “no-error data” set for computing absolute geostrophic velocities by the P-vector inverse method. Circulations are similar between the MOM statistically steady solutions and the P-vector solutions. Furthermore, the quantitative analysis shows that this inverse method has capability of picking up the major signal of the velocity field.     

Effect of changes in water salinity on ammonium, calcium, dissolved inorganic carbon and influence on water/sediment dynamics

The effect of a sudden increase in salinity from 10 to 37 in porewater concentration and the benthic fluxes of ammonium, calcium and dissolved inorganic carbon were studied in sediments of a small coastal lagoon, the Albufera d'Es Grau (Minorca Island, Spain). The temporal effects of the changes in salinity were examined over 17 days using a single diffusion-reaction model and a mass-balance approach. After the salinity change, NH₄⁺-flux to the water and Ca-flux toward sediments increased (NH₄⁺-flux: 5000–3000 μmol m⁻² d⁻¹ in seawater and 600/250 μmol m⁻² d⁻¹ in brackish water; Ca-flux: −40/−76 meq m⁻² d⁻¹ at S=37 and −13/−10 meq m⁻² d⁻¹ at S=10); however, later NH₄⁺-flux decreased in seawater, reaching values lower than in brackish water. In contrast, Ca-flux presented similar values in both conditions. The fluxes of dissolved inorganic carbon, which were constant at S=10 (55/45 mmol m⁻² d⁻¹), increased during the experiment at S=37 (from 30 mmol m⁻² d⁻¹ immediately after salinity increase to 60 mmol m⁻² d⁻¹ after 17 days).In brackish conditions, NH₄⁺ and Ca²⁺ fluxes were consistent with a single diffusion-reaction model that assumes a zero-order reaction for NH₄⁺ production and a first-order reaction for Ca²⁺ production. In seawater, this model explained the Ca-flux observed, but did not account for the high initial flux of NH₄⁺.The mass balance for 17 days indicated a higher retention of NH₄⁺ in porewater in the littoral station in seawater conditions (9.5 mmol m⁻² at S=37 and 1.6 mmol m⁻² at S=10) and a significant reduction in the water consumption at both sites (5 mmol m⁻² at S=37; 35/23 mmol m⁻² at S=10). In contrast, accumulation of dissolved inorganic carbon in porewater was lower in seawater incubations (−10/−1 meq m⁻² at S=37; 50/90 meq m⁻² at S=10) and was linked to a higher efflux of CO₂ to the atmosphere, because of calcium carbonate precipitation in water (675/500 meq m⁻²). These results indicate that increased salinity in shallow coastal waters could play a major role in the global carbon cycle.