欠平衡钻井技术在煤层气勘探开发中的应用

分析了当前国内外开发利用煤层气的现状；指出中国煤层气气藏具有低压低渗、难脱附、驱动力不足和构造煤发育等重要特殊性，这种特殊性使常规煤层气开发技术有很大的局限性；提出了适合低压低煤层气藏特点的开发技术系列，包括欠平衡钻井与洞穴完井技术和欠平衡钻多分支水平井与洞穴技术。     

青藏高原牧区大雪期间的水汽和热量平衡

本文通过对１９９６年１月青藏高原牧区大雪期间的水汽和热量收支的计算，分析了大雪期间对流活动的作用和贡献，并与其他地区夏季暴雨期间的能量平衡进行了比较。结果表明，二者都只有一个无辐散层和整层维持上升运动，不同的是降雪期间：１）视水汽汇气柱平均潜热加热率要小得多；２）视水汽汇和视热源的垂直分布差异较大；３）次网格尺度涡动垂直输送主要发生在对流层顶附近     

旅游供给与需求的空间关系研究

本文研究旅游供给与旅游需求的地域分布规律和空间联系特征，提出了旅游供给与需求的空间模式以及二者之间的动态平衡关系。并根据我国旅游供需分布特点，以大城市为中心，分析了不同地域旅游供需关系。     

北半球50条山地冰川近期的物质平衡状况

近期北半球大多数山地冰川的物质平衡为负,冰川普遍退缩,表明北半球气候暖化的趋势.由于区域气候波动和变化的差异性以及冰川对气候变化的敏感性(响应程度)的不同,北半球山地冰川在普遍退缩的背景下具有鲜明的区域特征.     

Geochemical mass balances of major chemical constituents in the watershed of the Changhuajian River in China

Based on the geological background, R-mode factor statistics, and the analysis of the stability diagram for the corresponding system, five weathering reactions controlling the surface-water chemical composition in the watershed of the Changhuajiang River are deduced. In the mass balance model, the precipitation accounts for some solute input, since the rainwater is dilute without pollution. Most of the Ca²⁺ and HCO ₃ ^– ions are from the dissolution of calcite, K⁺, Na⁺, H₄SiO₄ and some of the Mg²⁺ and HCO ₃ ^– come from albite and biotite weathering to kaolinite. The dissolution of dolomite and gypsum controls the mass balances of Mg²⁺ and SO ₄ ^2– . The dissolution of calcite is the dominant chemical weathering reaction in the watershed because of its reactivity and high concentration. In the watershed in 1986, the chemical weathering rate was 0.073 (kg/m² a), and the mechanical denudation rate is 0.093 (kg/m² a). The chemical weathering mass output proportion of carbonate rocks to silicate rocks was about three to one.     

韧性剪切带糜棱岩类质量平衡分析——以豫西秦岭群蛇尾剪切带为例

蛇尾剪切带中糜棱岩的质量平衡分析表明:(1)以Al_2O_3守恒为限制条件,该剪切带损失了10％土的质量和体积,糜棱岩类有Na_2O,Zr,Sr的获得;SiO_2,TiO_2,FeO,Fe_2O_3,MgO,MnO,CaO,K_2O及Co,Ni,V,Cr,Cu,Y则损失了;(2)从初糜棱岩-糜棱岩,初糜棱岩-超糜棱岩和糜棱岩-超糜棱岩得出的质量等比线显示,糜棱岩类之间没有明显的质量和体积损失。糜棱岩组分的得失主要发生在初糜棱岩阶段,同初糜棱岩相比,糜棱岩、超糜棱岩有CaO的获得,FeO,MgO,TiO_2,Cr,Co,V,Y微弱的获得,Na_2O则有轻微的损失。     

芷江雪峰矿泉水的水文地球化学机制

利用矿泉水的水文地质、水化学特征、环境同位素水文地质学和国际WATCH水/岩平衡计算机程序等新理论、新方法,可以推算出雪峰矿泉水的形成年龄和补给与迳流条件,计算出水的循环深度,以及主要成分的迁移系数,从而有机地研究矿泉水的水文地球化学机制,探讨矿泉水形成的水文地球化学成因模式。     

Hydrofracture mechanisms in rock during pressure grouting

Summary Hydrofracture Mechanisms in Rock During Pressure Grouting. The paper examines the basic meachnisms controlling the initiation of fractures in rocks and layered soils during pressure grouting, and their subsequent propagation into the ground mass. Previous analyses of fracture initiation have tended to concentrate on simplified models in which the ground is treated as an impervious elastic or Mohr-Coulomb continuum. The present method allows for the porous or fissured nature of the ground by considering the effect of seepage forces induced by the pore pressure gradient. The effect is quantified by use of a parameterN such that the ratio of fluid force used in expanding the injection hole, to that used in forcing fluid through void spaces, isN to (1—N).Analysis of hydrofracture propagation is based on stress analysis of a borehole in an elastic continuum, the propagating fracture zone around the borehole being represented as a non-elastic material governed by the Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion. This is supplemented by an energy approach which equates the energy supplied to the ground from the injection pump, with the energy stored in the ground and the energy necessary to fracture it.

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Zusammenfassung Brucherscheinungen im Fels bei Verprearbeiten. In der Arbeit wird der grundlegende Mechanismus untersucht, welcher bei Verpreßarbeiten in Fels und geschichtetem Boden zur Einleitung und Ausbreitung von Brüchen führt. Frühere Untersuchungen des Bruchbeginns stützten sich im wesentlichen auf vereinfachte Modelle, in denen der Untergrund als undurchlässiges Kontinuum angesehen wird, das entweder elastisch ist oder der Mohr-Coulombschen Bruchbedingung genügt. Die neue Methode berücksichtigt dagegen eine Porosität oder Klüftung des Untergrundes durch Ansatz der vom strömenden Medium auf das Gebirge ausgeübten Belastung. Diese Belastung wird aufgeteilt in einen Druckverlust an der Bohrlochwand (gleich ParameterN mal Verpreßdruck) und die entsprechende, über den gesamten durchströmten Bereich verteilte Belastung.Die Untersuchung der Bruchausbreitung geht von der Spannungsermittlung um ein Bohrloch in einem elastischen Kontinuum aus, wobei in der sich ausbreitenden Bruchzone um das Bohrloch herum nichtelastisches Material angenommen wird, das dem Mohr-Coulombschen Bruchkriterium genügt. Zur Ergänzung dient eine Energie-Betrachtung, bei der die von der Injektionspumpe abgegebene Energie gleichgesetzt wird der im Untergrund gespeicherten Energie und der aufgewendeten Brucharbeit.

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Résumé Les mécanismes de la fracturation hydraulique dans les roches pendant les injections sous pression. Le mémoire examine les mécanismes fondamentaux qui gouvernent l'initiation des ruptures dans les roches et les sols stratifiés, au cours des injections et leur propagation dans les massifs. Les analyses antérieures de l'initiation de la rupture, se sont concentrées sur des modèles simplifiés où l'on considérait la roche comme un milieu élastique et imperméable, ou comme un milieu de Mohr-Coulomb. La présente méthode admet que le massif est poreux ou fissuré, en considérant l'action des forces de percolation engendrées par le gradient de pression interstitielle. Cette action est quantifiée par un paramètreN, tel que le rapport de la force du liquide employée à dilater le forage d'injection, à celle employée pour forcer le coulis à travers les vides soitN/(1—N). L'analyse de la propagation des ruptures se base sur l'analyse des contraintes autour d'un forage dans un milieu élastique, alors que la zone de la rupture qui se propage autour du forage est représentée par un milieu non-élastique admettant le critère de rupture de Mohr-Coulomb. Cette analyse est complétée par une approche énergétique, où l'énergie qui est fournie au massif par la pompe d'injection est égalée à l'énergie emmagasinée dans la roche et à l'énergie de rupture.

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Nomenclature A area of new cracks created per unit volume of time t - E total work done by injection fluid - E _i irrecoverable component of energy - E _{i c} work done in fracturing rock or soil - E _{i l} work done to overcome various frictional forces in grouting system - E _{i p} work done to cause plastic deformation of fractured zone - E _{i s} work done to overcome shear strength of fluid during flow - E _{i v} work done to overcome frictional drag between fluid and rock in soil surfaces during flow - E _r recoverable component of energy - E _{r f} elastic strain energy stored in fluid - E _{r s} elastic strain energy stored in rock or soil - h height of overburden - i j 1, 2, 3 - K ₀ coefficient of horizontal earth pressure - k permeability of ground to grout - L length of cylindrical grout source - n rock or soil porosity - p average fluid pressure between timet and (t + t) - p ₀ injection pressure - R radius of grout front - r radial distance from borehole axis - r ₀ radius of borehole - r ₁ radius of fractured zone - S specific surface area of rock or soil - S _T tensile strength of rock or soil - t time - u grout seepage velocity - V volume of grout injected - v volumetric strain - specific surface energy of rock - bulk density of rock or soil - _{i j} ^e elastic strain increment tensor - _{i j} plastic strain increment tensor - v Poisson's ratio - _{i j} average stress tensor in the ground during timet and (t + t) - _R , _T, _Z radial, tangential and vertical stresses induced by grouting - _r , _t , _z radial, tangential and vertical stress around borehole before grouting - grout shear strength - angle of internal friction of rock or soil With 7 Figures     

Water balance components estimation under scenarios of land cover change in the Vea catchment,West Africa

ABSTRACT

The need for a detailed investigation of the Vea catchment water balance components cannot be overemphasized due to its accelerated land-cover dynamics and the associated impacts on the hydrological processes. This study assessed the possible consequences of land-use change scenarios (i.e. business as usual, BAU, and afforestation for the year 2025) compared to the 2016 baseline on the Vea catchment’s water balance components using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model. The data used include daily climate and discharge, soil and land use/land cover maps. The results indicate that the mean annual water yield may increase by 9.1% under the BAU scenario but decrease by 2.7% under the afforestation scenario; actual evapotranspiration would decrease under BAU but increase under afforestation; and groundwater recharge may increase under both scenarios but would be more pronounced under the afforestation scenario. These outcomes highlight the significance of land-cover dynamics in water resource management and planning at the catchment.