国际上年代际到世纪时间尺度气候变化的研究

系统介绍国际上关于年代际和世纪时间尺度气候变化的最新研究,并就其主要科学问题进行了概括,以促进中国在这个领域的进步.     

中亚和中国西北干旱气候变化特征及其对产业结构的影响

利用近百年年降水量资料，分析了亚洲大陆干旱、半干旱地带的主体部分，即中亚和中国西北地区的年降水量变化特征和产业结构。分析结果表明，中亚和中国西北地区年降水量在空间分布和时间演变上，既表现出某些相似性，又呈现出独特性。并且根据降水特征分析，提出了半干旱地区产业结构调整的成功事例。     

中国东部气候年代际变化三维特征的研究进展

围绕发生在20世纪70年代末的中国东部气候年代际变化,近年来,作者围绕着其气候要素变化的区域特点、在不同季节的表现特征和对应的大气环流变化等,进行了系统分析和讨论,较为全面地给出了其变化的三维空间结构图像,本文对这方面的研究进展进行了总结。研究表明,我国东部气候的年代际变化具有显著的三维结构特征,它与东亚对流层中上层温度的变化存在直接联系,具体表现特征随季节而变化。对流层中上层出现的年代际尺度变冷,一方面通过其上层的气旋式环流异常,使得东亚急流轴以南的西风增强,一方面通过其下层的反气旋式环流异常,导致东亚夏季风减弱。西风急流增强通过改变对流层中上层的辐散强度,触发独特的云－辐射反馈过程,对青藏高原下游地面气温变冷发挥重要作用;西风急流偏南和夏季风减弱,最终导致中国东部“南涝北旱”型降水异常。东亚对流层上层变冷和青藏高原下游地面气温变冷开始于3月,与近几十年来冬季北大西洋涛动(NAO)的增强趋势存在显著联系。从3月到9月,对流层上层冷中心的位置和强度随季节而变化:从3月到5月,冷中心逐渐南移并加强,5月移至35oN以南,导致中国东南部地区出现干旱化趋势;冷中心在7～8月的盛夏季节位于(40oN,110oE)附近,造成中国东部的“南涝北旱”型降水异常。该研究为评估大气环流模式和海气耦合模式的模拟性能、检验不同强迫因子在东亚气候年代际变化中的作用,提供了直接的观测依据。对参加WCRP组织的IPCC AR4“二十世纪气候耦合模式模拟”计划的19个耦合模式模拟结果的分析表明,在包括气溶胶和温室气体在内的实际外强迫作用下,目前的耦合模式难以模拟出发生在20世纪70年代末的东亚气候年代际变化。无论对东亚气候变化归因研究,还是对适合东亚气候的数值模式研发,本文都提出了新的问题。     

东北冷涡及其气候影响

基于自动识别、追踪方法得到的近50年东北冷涡数据集, 本文研究了东北冷涡的年际变率及演变趋势, 并分析了其持续性活动对我国气候的影响及相关联的大尺度环流异常特征。结果表明, 东北冷涡具有很明显的年际变率, 且存在2.5年左右的主振荡周期, 但没有显著的长期变化趋势。东北局地在持续性冷涡控制下, 四季气温均明显偏低, 并在春季和夏季能造成局部降水偏多。在东北冷涡活跃的夏季, 长江流域往往降水显著偏多; 而在冬季东北冷涡频繁活动时, 我国大部分地区往往低温少雨, 这与强盛的东亚冬季风密切相关。研究结果表明, 冬季东北冷涡活动和东亚冬季风强度之间的相关系数达到99%的信度水平。在东北冷涡活跃的夏季, 东亚地区对流层维持着深厚的偶极型位势高度异常, 高空急流向南偏移并略加强, 低层西北太平洋反气旋异常和中纬度地区的东风异常有助于局地的水汽通量的辐合, 进而有利于降水的偏多。     

“96.1”暴雪期中尺度切变线发生发展的动力诊断：Ⅰ：涡度和涡度变率 …

利用引入三相云显式降水方案后改进和发展的中尺度模式（ＭＭ４）模拟输出资料,对“９６．１”高原暴雪切变线发生、发展的结构进行了运动学和动力学诊断。涡度场演变指出,高原上局地涡度中心和涡度带的生成和发展不仅与暴雪切变线的形成和发展密切相关,而且有预测切变线生成的先兆意义;涡度场、散度场、垂直速度场当位温场的剖面结构诊断表明,运动场的热力场的相互配置与耦合关系极有得暴雪切变线及暴雪形成与维持;涡度变率诊     

IMPACTS OF DIFFERENT KINDS OF ENSO ON LANDFALLING TROPICAL CYCLONES IN CHINA

Interannual variability of landfalling tropical cyclones(TCs) in China during 1960-2010 is investigated.By using the method of partial least squares regression(PLS-regression),canonical ENSO and ENSO Modoki are identified to be the factors that contribute to the interannual variability of landfalling TCs.El Ni o Modoki years are associated with a greater-than-average frequency of landfalling TCs in China,but reversed in canonical El Ni o years.Significant difference in genesis locations of landfalling TCs in China for the two kinds of El Ni o phases occurs dominantly in the northern tropical western North Pacific(WNP).The patterns of low-level circulation anomalies and outgoing longwave radiation(OLR) anomalies associated with landfalling TC genesis with different types of El Ni o phases are examined.During canonical El Ni o years,a broad zonal band of positive OLR anomalies dominates the tropical WNP,while the circulation anomalies exhibit a meridionally symmetrical dipole pattern with an anticyclonic anomaly in the subtropics and a cyclonic anomaly near the tropics.In El Ni o Modoki years,a vast region of negative OLR anomalies,roughly to the south of 25°N with a strong large-scale cyclonic anomaly over the tropical WNP,provides a more favorable condition for landfalling TC genesis compared to its counterpart during canonical El Ni o years.For more landfalling TCs formed in the northern tropical WNP in El Ni o Modoki years,there are more TCs making landfall on the northern coast of China in El Ni o Modoki years than in canonical El Ni o years.The number of landfalling TCs is slightly above normal in canonical La Ni a years.Enhanced convection is found in the South China Sea(SCS) and the west of the tropical WNP,which results in landfalling TCs forming more westward in canonical La Ni a years.During La Ni a Modoki years,the landfalling TC frequency are below normal,owing to an unfavorable condition for TC genesis persisting in a broad zonal band from 5°N to 25°N.Since the western North Pacific subtropical high(WNPSH) in La Ni a Modoki years is located in the westernmost region,TCs mainly make landfall on the south coast of China.     

江淮夏季降水异常与西印度洋地区大气环流异常的关系

运用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和中国气候中心整编的160站月平均降水资料应用经验正交函数、线性相关分析等,分析了江淮地区夏季降水异常特征及其与西印度洋区域大气环流年际异常关系的变化及其可能的机理。结果表明:当500 hPa中纬度低槽活动偏多(少),西太平洋副热带高压偏强(弱),东亚夏季风偏强(弱)时,江淮地区降水偏多(少)。进一步分析还发现西印度洋上空的垂直环流与江淮夏季降水存在较好的关系,但这种年际异常之间的联系受到背景场的影响明显:1979—1993年西印度洋垂直上升运动与江淮夏季降水的变化趋势基本相反,两者线性相关系数为-0.43;1994—2010年两者的变化趋势基本一致,相关系数达0.71。即当西印度洋地区存在环流异常下沉(上升)时,西太平洋副热带高压通常异常减弱东退(增强西伸),副热带季风减弱(增强),有利于雨带偏南(北)。因此,在西太平洋副热带高压和副热带季风年代际偏强(弱)阶段,西印度洋环流与江淮夏季降水呈负(正)相关。     

Climate-Vegetation Interannual Variability in a Coupled Atmosphere-Ocean-Land Model

The coupled models of both the Global Ocean-Atmosphere-Land System (GOALS) and the Atmosphere-Vegetation Interaction Model (GOALS-AVIM) are used to study the main characteristics of interannual variations. The simulated results are also used to investigate some significant interannual variability and correlation analysis of the atmospheric circulation and terrestrial ecosystem. By comparing the simulations of the climate model GOALS-AVIM and GOALS, it is known that the simulated results of the interannual variations of the spatial and temporal distributions of the surface air temperatures and precipitation are generally improved by using AVIM in GOALS-AVIM. The interannual variation displays some distinct characteristics of the geographical distribution. Both the Net Primary Production (NPP) and the Leap Area Index (LAI) have quasi 1-2-year cycles. Meanwhile, precipitation and the surface temperatures have 2--4-year cycles. Conditions when the spectrum density values of GOALS are less than those of GOALS-AVIM, tell us that the model coupled with AVIM enhances the simulative capability for interannual variability and makes the annual cycle variability more apparent. Using Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) analysis, the relationship between the ecosystem and the atmospheric circulation in East Asia is explored. The result shows that the strengthening and weakening of the East Asian monsoon, characterized by the geopotential heights at 500 hPa and the wind fields at 850 hPa, correspond to the spatiotemporal pattern of the NPP. The correlation between NPP and the air temperature, precipitation and solar radiation are different in interannual variability because of the variation in vegetation types.     

INTERDECADAL CHANGE OF DIABATIC FORCING OVER KEY REGION OF THE MARITIME CONTINENT AND ITS POSSIBLE RELATIONS WITH THE EAST ASIAN SUMMER MONSOON ANOMALIES

The Maritime Continent(MC) is an important region where the Tropical Pacific and the Indian Ocean interact with each other via "the atmospheric bridge" and a key region for the interaction between the Asian and Australian monsoons. Using the NCEP/NCAR and CMAP monthly mean reanalysis over the period of 1979-2012, the interdecadal variations of diabatic forcing over the key region of the Maritime Continent and its possible relations with the East Asian summer monsoon have been investigated in the present paper. Our results show that climate variations in the Maritime Continent is particularly significant in the area of 95-145°E, 10°S-10°N, which is thus defined as the key area of the MC(i.e., KMC area). Without the input of latent heat release in the atmosphere, distinct interdecadal change of diabatic heating is found to exist from 1979 to 2012; it intensified before 1980 s and peaked in the late 1980 s and weakened after this period. By analyzing each individual component that contributes to the diabatic heating in the KMC area, surface latent heat flux and net long-wave radiation in the atmosphere are found to be the two dominant components. With negative diabatic heating anomalies over KMC, there will be more precipitation on islands and less precipitation over sea, and more rainfall around the equator, which is in correspondence with the convergence center around the equator in the KMC area. Along the meridional-vertical section averaged between 115-120 ° E, the well-defined vertical circulation anomalies are observed with the ascending branches over KMC and the area around 30°N respectively, and the descending branch over the South China Sea. Water vapor transports from the Bay of Bengal and South China Sea to eastern China to benefit the positive precipitation anomalies. The meridional-vertical circulation in East Asia plays a critical role in linking the interdecadal variability of diabatic heating over the KMC and East Asian summer monsoon anomalies.