基于标准化降水指数的1960—2011年中国不同时间尺度干旱特征

利用1960—2011年中国566个气象站逐日降水资料,采用标准化降水指数对近52年中国的干旱特征进行了详细分析。结果表明：近52年来,中国存在一条由东北向西南延伸的干旱趋势带,东北、内蒙古中东部、华北、西北地区东部以及西南地区东部趋于干旱,而西北地区西部的北疆地区、青海中部以及西藏中北部等地呈显著变湿趋势;华北地区干旱化主要是夏季趋于干旱引起的,东北和西南地区的干旱化主要是夏、秋季趋于干旱引起的,西北地区东部和长江中下游地区主要是春、秋季趋于干旱。东北地区20世纪70年代和2000年后轻旱以上日数较多,60年代干旱日数最少;华北地区和西北地区东部90年代最多,60—80年代旱日较少;西南地区东部2000年后干旱日数最多,60—70年代较少;长江中下游地区60年代和21世纪后干旱日数偏多,80年代较少。60年代,易旱区主要位于西北地区中、西部以及长江中下游部分地区;70年代,西北西部和东北地区是干旱的高发区;80年代,易旱区位于华北、黄淮、内蒙古中西部以及西南东部等地;90年代,易旱区转移到中部,西北地区东南部、华北、黄淮、江淮以及江汉等地是干旱的高发区;进入21世纪后,东北、内蒙古东部、西北地区东部、西南东部以及长江中下游的部分地区干旱高发。     

北京郊区女性居民一周时空间行为的日间差异研究

伴随城市空间向郊区急剧扩张,郊区已成为快速城市化过程中疏解城市人口和功能的重要空间。作为兼顾工作与家庭的双重工作者,郊区女性居民的日常生活面临着新的挑战。基于2012年北京居民日常活动与交通出行调查的第一手资料,采用时间地理学研究框架,以一周的活动日志数据为基础,从时间节奏和时间分配的角度分析郊区女性的时间利用特征,并通过标准置信椭圆对GPS轨迹数据进行了活动空间刻画,探讨不同活动在城市不同空间中的发生日间差异。结果表明,在时间上,郊区女性的日常生活具有规律性、丰富性和细碎性的特点;工作日的时间分配以工作活动为中心,从周一到周四的差异性不显著;休息日的时间分配以家务和休闲活动为主,并且在休息日内部出现周日出行时间相对较少的差异。在空间上,大部分郊区女性居民选择在郊区附近就业,日常生活中的购物、休闲活动也主要在郊区空间发生;在休息日,购物活动向城区空间内延伸,休闲活动的空间范围虽然相比于工作日有所扩大但仍主要在郊区空间内部完成。     

IAP第四代大气环流模式的耦合气候系统模式模拟性能评估

本文首先扼要介绍了基于中国科学院大气物理研究所(简称IAP)第四代大气环流模式的新气候系统模式-CAS-ESM-C(中国科学院地球系统模式气候系统模式分量)的发展和结构,之后主要对该模式在模拟大气、海洋、陆面和海冰的气候平均态、季节循环以及主要的年际变率等方面的能力做一个初步的评估.结果表明:模式没有明显的气候漂移,各...     

Interannual Variability of Sea Surface Temperature in the Northern Indian Ocean Associated with ENSO and IOD

The Northern Indian Ocean(NIO) sea surface temperature(SST) warming,associated with the El Ni o/Southern Oscillations(ENSO) and the Indian Ocean Dipole(IOD) mode,is investigated using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) monthly data for the period 1979 2010.Statistical analyses are used to identify respective contribution from ENSO and IOD.The results indicate that the first NIO SST warming in September November is associated with an IOD event,while the second NIO SST warming in spring-summer following the mature phase of ENSO is associated with an ENSO event.In the year that IOD co-occurred with ENSO,NIO SST warms twice,rising in the ENSO developing year and decay year.Both shortwave radiation and latent heat flux contribute to the NIO SST variation.The change in shortwave radiation is due to the change in cloudiness.A cloud-SST feedback plays an important role in NIO SST warming.The latent heat flux is related to the change in monsoonal wind.In the first NIO warming,the SST anomaly is mainly due to the change in the latent heat flux.In the second NIO warming,both factors are important.     

Simulation of Volume and Heat Transport along 26.5°N in the Atlantic

The observed meridional overturning circulation (MOC) and meridional heat transport (MHT) estimated from the Rapid Climate Change/Meridional Circulation and Heat Flux Array (RAPID/MOCHA) at 26.5°N are used to evaluate the volume and heat transport in the eddy-resolving model LASG/IAP Climate system Ocean Model (LICOM). The authors find that the Florida Current transport and upper mid-ocean transport of the model are underestimated against the observations. The simulated variability of MOC and MHT show a high correlation with the observations, exceeding 0.6. Both the simu-lated and observed MOC and MHT show a significant seasonal variability. According to the power spectrum analysis, LICOM can represent the mesoscale eddy characteristic of the MOC similar to the observation. The model shows a high correlation of 0.58 for the internal upper mid-ocean transport (MO) and a density difference between the western and eastern boundaries, as noted in previous studies.     

印度洋赤道潜流年际变化特征及其与印度洋偶极子的联系

印度洋赤道潜流(equatorial undercurrent,EUC)是赤道流系的重要组成部分,对印度洋物质输运和能量交换有着重要意义.基于SODA 3.4.2海洋再分析数据,对印度洋EUC的三维空间结构和年际变化特征进行分析,并揭示其年际变率与印度洋偶极子(Indian Ocean dipole,IOD)的联系.结...     

Relationship between ENSO and Winter Rainfall over Southeast China and Its Decadal Variability

In this study,the relationship between El Nin o-Southern Oscillation(ENSO) and winter rainfall over Southeast China(SC) is demonstrated based on instrumental and reanalysis data.The results show that ENSO and SC winter rainfall(ENSO-SC rainfall) are highly correlated and intimately coupled through an anomalous high pressure over the northwestern Pacific.In mature phase,El Nin o(La Nin a) events can cause more(less) rainfall over SC in winter.Due to the persistence and spring barrier of ENSO,SC winter rainfall has potential predictability of about half a year ahead with ENSO as a predictor.Besides,the ENSO-SC rainfall relationship exhibits decadal variability,closer before the early 1970s(0.47) and after the early 1990s(0.76),but weaker(0.12) between these times.In different periods,atmospheric teleconnection patterns have large differences and the predictability of SC winter rainfall also changes dramatically.For the most recent 20 years,the ENSO-SC rainfall relationship is closest and the prediction of SC winter rainfall anomalies based on ENSO is most creditable.In addition,the causes and mechanisms of the decadal modulation of the relationship between ENSO and SC winter rainfall need to be further studied.     

Decadal Features of Heavy Rainfall Events in Eastern China

Based on daily precipitation data, the spatial-temporal features of heavy rainfall events (HREs) during 1960-2009 are investigated. The results indicate that the HREs experienced strong decadal variability in the past 50 years, and the decadal features varied across regions. More HRE days are observed in the 1960s, 1980s, and 1990s over Northeast China (NEC); in the 1960s, 1970s, and 1990s over North China (NC); in the early 1960s, 1980s, and 2000s over the Huaihe River basin (HR); in the 1970s-1990s over the mid-lower reaches of the Yangtze River valley (YR); and in the 1970s and 1990s over South China (SC). These decadal changes of HRE days in eastern China are closely associated with the decadal variations of water content and stratification stability of the local atmosphere. The intensity of HREs in each sub-region is also characterized by strong decadal variability. The HRE intensity and frequency co-vary on the long-term trend, and show consistent variability over NEC, NC, and YR, but inconsistent variability over SC and HR. Further analysis of the relationships between the annual rainfall and HRE frequency as well as intensity indicates that the HRE frequency is the major contributor to the total rainfall variability in eastern China, while the HRE intensity shows only relative weak contribution.     

长江口12.5 m深水航道回淤年际变化及成因

长江口12.5 m深水航道回淤量大,影响因素复杂。利用2011-2017年长江口航道水下地形、水文测验和航道回淤等系列资料,研究了12.5 m深水航道回淤的年际变化过程和原因。结果表明:① 12.5 m深水航道回淤总体呈现稳中下降的变化特征。②南港-圆圆沙段因航道滩槽高差的缩小和上游底沙输沙量的减少,回淤呈逐年减少态势。③北槽段因南坝田挡沙堤加高工程的实施和台风影响偏弱,2016-2017年回淤较此前有所减少;径流影响北槽最大浑浊带的发育部位,进而影响北槽航道回淤的部位,2016-2017年长江口径流量偏大是北槽航道主要回淤部位较往年偏下的主要原因。④流域减沙对12.5 m深水航道回淤的影响已开始显现。未来受其影响,南港-圆圆沙航道回淤有望进一步下降并维持较低量值,北槽航道回淤有望维持稳中下降态势。     

玉龙雪山浅冰芯pH值对冰川作用区降水量变化的响应

玉龙雪山10.10 m浅冰芯的pH和电导率(EC)变化分析以及与Ca2 、 Mg2 、 K 和Na 浓度的对比表明, 玉龙雪山主要受局地碱性陆源物质的控制.与丽江气象台站的降雨量资料比较发现, 在海洋性冰川区浅冰芯pH和电导率的变化与降雨量和周围地表可溶性离子的输入量关系密切, 并与降雨量呈显著的负相关关系.结合玉龙雪山主要由局地来源补给的特征, 引入TSP(总悬浮颗粒物)作为局地可溶盐补给能力的代用指标分析玉龙浅冰芯pH值对降水量年际变化的响应.在相对湿润年, pH值较低, 若TSP值较高, 则pH值相对较高, TSP值较低, 则pH值较低.在相对干旱年, pH值较高, 若TSP值较高, pH值较高, 若TSP值较低, 则pH值相对较低;在海洋性冰川区, 浅冰芯pH和电导率的变化, 并结合TSP能够有效的反映出冰川作用区干湿的年际变化, 是大气环境状况的敏感指示器.