季节性流感的多元激发理论及其包含气象和社会行为因素的数学模型

为了解流感的季节性和爆发的生物力学机制,在收集、分析、计算全球各地流感监测资料的基础上,建立了流感传播的多元激发理论及相应的数值模式,并运用该模式对全球各大洲不同气候带的季节性流感和周际流感进行了数值模拟和预报尝试。模式近似解的数学表达式以及模式输出与实况高度吻合的模拟结果证明：流感的发病率呈高度自相关,同时受生物、气象环境和社会-行为因素支配;流感的爆发是各种因素协同作用的结果。动力共振、太阳辐射、降水、露点温度变化、行为和干预效应以及人群对优势流行毒株的免疫力是支配流感季节性和每周活动变化的关键因素。具体表现为,对于所有气候区,流感发病率都是降水日数的指数函数,日照时数的1/4次方的负指数函数。在温带和寒带地区,季节性流感的发病率是露点温度的负指数函数。在热带地区,则是露点与其年平均值绝对偏差的指数函数。研究提示：早期干预(例如适时和广泛接种疫苗、迅速隔离病例、停学、遏制早期病例总数等)是控制和预防季节性流感的关键;适量的日光照射或在雨季和日照短的季节补充维生素D、增加户外活动、发布高危天气预警、设定适中的室内露点温度是值得高度重视的预防策略。模式的模拟结果在很大程度上揭示了流感季节性的机理和证明了著名医学家和诺贝尔奖获得者RobeRt EdgaR Hope-Simpson在上世纪提出的流感季节性成因的猜想。模拟结果还表明,模式对每周流感发病率具有一定的预报能力。该理论和模型很可能适用于当前的甲型流感大流行和其它传染性疾病,可被进一步开发应用。     

我国农业气象灾害评估研究现状和发展方向

介绍了当前我国农业气象灾害评估中常用的方法和研究成果,对综合模型评估、作物模型评估和灾害风险评估等方法进行了评价,认为目前农业气象灾害评估中存在的主要问题有定量评估能力仍显不足、作物机理模型应用有待加强及灾害风险评价理论和方法有待完善等,未来的发展趋势主要是作物模型的应用将加强、农业气象灾害风险评估将进一步完善和综合评估技术向多元化发展等。     

基于人工智能技术的热带气旋灾害评估方法研究:以广东省为例

基于历史观测资料,系统地研究了广东省热带气旋（tropical cyclone,TC）风雨及其带来的直接经济损失的空间分布特征。结果表明,粤西沿海地区受TC大风影响最为频繁,但TC经济灾损率和受灾频次在粤西和粤东较重。根据广东省TC风雨和直接经济损失的空间分布特征,将广东分为粤西、粤东、珠三角和粤北4个区域,进而利用演化建模方法建立了广东省各区域TC经济灾损率评估模型。该评估模型模拟的TC经济灾损率与实际值的相关系数达0.66以上,基于该模型对独立样本的预测检验结果与实际值的相关系数达到0.61以上（显著性水平a=0.05）。这表明,基于演化建模方法建立的广东省各区域评估模型在广东省TC灾害评估中有着潜在的应用价值。     

Modeling Methane Emissions from Paddy Rice Fields under Elevated Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Conditions

Methane(CH4 ) emissions from paddy rice fields substantially contribute to the dramatic increase of this greenhouse gas in the atmosphere.Due to great concern about climate change,it is necessary to predict the effects of the dramatic increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide(CO2 ) on CH4 emissions from paddy rice fields.CH4MOD 1.0 is the most widely validated model for simulating CH4 emissions from paddy rice fields exposed to ambient CO2(hereinafter referred to as aCO2 ).We upgraded the model to CH4MOD 2.0 b...     

A three-tiered approach to participatory vulnerability assessment in the Solomon Islands

Greater recognition of the seriousness of global environmental change has led to an increase in research that assesses the vulnerability of households, communities and regions to changing environmental or economic conditions. So far, however, there has been relatively little attention given to how assessments can be conducted in ways that help build capacity for local communities to understand and find their own solutions to their problems. This paper reports on an approach that was designed and used to work with a local grass roots organization in the Solomon Islands to promote inclusivity and participation in decision-making and to build the capacity of the organization to reduce the vulnerability of communities to drivers of change. The process involved working collaboratively with the organization and training its members to conduct vulnerability assessments with communities using participatory and deliberative methods. To make best use of the learning opportunities provided by the research process, specific periods for formal reflection were incorporated for the three key stakeholders involved: the primary researchers; research assistants; and community members. Overall, the approach: (1) promoted learning about the current situation in Kahua and encouraged deeper analysis of problems; (2) built capacity for communities to manage the challenges they were facing; and (3) fostered local ownership and responsibility for problems and set precedents for future participation in decision-making. While the local organization and the communities it serves still face significant challenges, the research approach set the scene for greater local participation and effort to maintain and enhance livelihoods and wellbeing. The outcomes highlight the need for greater emphasis on embedding participatory approaches in vulnerability assessments for communities to benefit fully from the process.     

国家气象中心业务数值预报发展的回顾与展望

本文回顾了国家气象中心建立数值预报业务以来,国家级业务数值预报系统,主要是中、短期预报系统的发展历程,评估了目前业务数值预报的预报水平和基本特点,简述了我国业务数值预报发展的不同阶段取得的主要进展。通过对目前我国业务数值预报发展中存在的问题和不足的分析,讨论下一步的工作重点,并对未来的发展做初步展望。     

我国气象服务效益评估业务的现状与展望

气象服务是气象事业的出发点和归宿点,因而采用科学客观的方法开展气象服务效益的评估工作,有利于气象部门更好地改进和完善气象服务,促进气象事业的持续快速发展。本文介绍了我国气象服务效益评估业务的现状,并对气象服务效益评估业务的未来发展趋势进行了构想,指出规范化、常态化、人性化服务是未来气象服务效益评估业务的发展趋势。     

美国强对流预报主观产品现状分析

为了全面反映美国强对流预报主观产品现状,同时也为推进我国国家级强对流天气预报业务建设提供思路,通过研读相关文献、最新技术报告和专家咨询等方式,对当前美国国家级强对流天气预报业务的产品类型、制作、发布规范等最新进展进行了比较详细的分析,并对我国国家级强对流天气预报业务建设提出了初步设想。通过分析看到,美国的强对流预报业务产品,以概率分类预报为主要形式,是以预报员为主体的综合主观预报产品。现已形成了一个比较系统的短时、短期、中期预报业务产品系列。以其为参照,我国强对流预报业务发展须加强四个方面的工作:第一,强对流天气气候学分析、诊断技术的研究应用;第二,基于高时空分辨率的中尺度数值预报系统的客观产品的研发和应用,强对流分类预报方法的研制;第三,专门预报员队伍的建设;第四,科学的业务流程和高效的综合监测传输。     

基于城市交通脆弱性核算的大雾灾害风险评估

选用大雾观测资料测算城市地区的雾灾危险性指数,以规则网格作为评估单元,逐网格计算网格区域内的路网密度,以此作为雾灾的空间脆弱性指标,并针对重点设施的分布情况对脆弱性指数进行空间叠加订正;选用网格内的人口密度作为雾灾的易损性指标;危险性、脆弱性及易损性3项指标按5:2:1的分配比例综合测算雾灾的风险指数。实例研究选用北京地区1996年1月—2006年12月的大雾资料,按空间网格化方法对大雾灾害风险进行评估,结果表明:北京地区雾灾脆弱性指数的高值区域与高速路及环城路延伸方向一致,城市中心为人口集中分布地区,其综合风险指数高,与高速路段、环城路及机场等地段均为雾灾的高风险区域,北京东南部地区年平均雾日数相对较多,危险性指数值也较高,是雾灾较高风险区域。     

Application of a semi-spectral cloud water parameterization to cooling tower plumes simulations

In order to simulate the plume produced by large natural draft cooling towers, a semi-spectral warm cloud parameterization has been implemented in an anelastic and non-hydrostatic 3D micro-scale meteorological code. The model results are compared to observations from a detailed field experiment carried out in 1980 at Bugey (location of an electrical nuclear power plant in the Rhône valley in East Central France) including airborne dynamical and microphysical measurements. Although we observe a slight overestimation of the liquid-water content, the results are satisfactory for all the 15 different cases simulated, which include different meteorological conditions ranging from low wind speed and convective conditions in clear sky to high wind and very cloudy. Such parameterization, which includes semi-spectral determination for droplet spectra, seems to be promising to describe plume interaction with atmosphere especially for aerosols and cloud droplets.