AN ACCURATE MODEL FOR CALCULATING CORRECTION OF PATH FLEXURE OF SATELLITE SIGNALS

1　IntroductionTherefractionoflight electronicsignalpropa gatinginatmospherehasbeenstudiedbymanysci entistsandsomemodelofatmosphericrefractioncorreetionhaveheenestablished ,includingHopfieldSaastamoinen,DavisandMarinimodels[1 ] .Butthesemodelscanbeusedonlytocalculatethecorrec tionfortherefractionduetoatmosphericdensityvariation ,whilethecorrectionfortherefractionduetothesignalpathflexurecannotbecalculated .Hop fieldhasestimatedsignalpathflexureerrorbythemethodofraytracing[2 ] ,butastrictcorr…     

山东省土地利用动态遥感监测应用研究

该项目采用PCI V8.1遥感图象处理软件，对SPOT，TM，ETM卫星数据进行了校正、配准、镶嵌和多源多时相遥感数据融合，采用3种方法对土地利用变化信息进行提取，通过野外调查验证和GPS实地测定对变化图斑的空间数据进行精确定位，实现了RS与GPS的有机结合，提高了监测成果的准确性和可靠性，获得了快速、准确、翔实的矢、栅、属一体化监测成果。     

Reporting Bias as a Result of Core Loss at Las Cruces: A Case Study

The most important copper minerals of the Las Cruces deposit in the pyrite belt of southern Spain are supergene enrichment zone sulphides of which chalcocite is the most significant. The deposit is overlain by 140 metres of barren marls and has been explored only by drilling. Drill cores have been split and assayed, but it became clear that there was a substantial problem related to core recovery which affects, in particular, some of the higher grade material. Much of the chalcocite is present in a friable and unconsolidated form and its progressive loss is evident visually in many core samples. The result of this loss of chalcocite is that there is a systematic downward bias on copper assays, leading directly to under-reporting of the copper resource. Studies of the assay data indicate the likely degree of under-reporting, but there is no simple way in which the reported resource estimates can validly be corrected.     

Spectral Characteristics and Correction of Long-Term Eddy-Covariance Measurements Over Two Mixed Hardwood Forests in Non-Flat Terrain

We present turbulence spectra and cospectra derived from long-term eddy-covariancemeasurements (nearly 40,000 hourly data over three to four years) and the transferfunctions of closed-path infrared gas analyzers over two mixed hardwood forests inthe mid-western U.S.A. The measurement heights ranged from 1.3 to 2.1 times themean tree height, and peak vegetation area index (VAI) was 3.5 to 4.7; the topographyat both sites deviates from ideal flat terrain. The analysis follows the approach ofKaimal et al. (Quart. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc. 98, 563–589, 1972) whose results were based upon 15 hours of measurements atthree heights in the Kansas experiment over flatter and smoother terrain. Both thespectral and cospectral constants and stability functions for normalizing and collapsingspectra and cospectra in the inertial subrange were found to be different from those ofKaimal et al. In unstable conditions, we found that an appropriate stabilityfunction for the non-dimensional dissipation of turbulent kinetic energy is of the form ₍₎ = (1 - b^-)^-1/4 - c^-, where representsthe non-dimensional stability parameter. In stable conditions, a non-linear functionG_xy() = 1 + b_xy^c _xy (c_xy < 1) was found to benecessary to collapse cospectra in the inertial subrange. The empirical cospectralmodels of Kaimal et al. were modified to fit the somewhat more (neutraland unstable) or less (stable) sharply peaked scalar cospectra observed over forestsusing the appropriate cospectral constants and non-linear stability functions. Theempirical coefficients in the stability functions and in the cospectral models varywith measurement height and seasonal changes in VAI. The seasonal differencesare generally larger at the Morgan Monroe State Forest site (greater peak VAI) andcloser to the canopy.The characteristics of transfer functions of the closed-path infrared gas analysersthrough long-tubes for CO₂ and water vapour fluxes were studied empirically. This was done by fitting the ratio between normalized cospectra of CO₂ or watervapour fluxes and those of sensible heat to the transfer function of a first-order sensor.The characteristic time constant for CO₂ is much smaller than that for water vapour. The time constant for water vapour increases greatly with aging tubes. Three methods were used to estimate the flux attenuations and corrections; from June through August, the attenuations of CO₂ fluxes are about 3–4% during the daytime and 6–10% at night on average. For the daytime latent heat flux (Q_E), the attenuations are foundto vary from less than 10% for newer tubes to over 20% for aged tubes. Correctionsto Q_E led to increases in the ratio (Q_H + Q_E)/(Q^* - Q_G) by about 0.05 to0.19 (Q_H is sensible heat flux, Q^* is net radiation and Q_G is soil heat flux),and thus are expected to have an important impact on the assessment of energy balanceclosure.     

Ellipsoidal geoid computation

Modern geoid computation uses a global gravity model, such as EGM96, as a third component in a remove–restore process. The classical approach uses only two: the reference ellipsoid and a geometrical model representing the topography. The rationale for all three components is reviewed, drawing attention to the much smaller precision now needed when transforming residual gravity anomalies. It is shown that all ellipsoidal effects needed for geoid computation with millimetric accuracy are automatically included provided that the free air anomaly and geoid are calculated correctly from the global model. Both must be consistent with an ellipsoidal Earth and with the treatment of observed gravity data. Further ellipsoidal corrections are then negligible. Precise formulae are developed for the geoid height and the free air anomaly using a global gravity model, given as spherical harmonic coefficients. Although only linear in the anomalous potential, these formulae are otherwise exact for an ellipsoidal reference Earth—they involve closed analytical functions of the eccentricity (and the Earths spin rate), rather than a truncated power series in e². They are evaluated using EGM96 and give ellipsoidal corrections to the conventional free air anomaly ranging from –0.84 to +1.14 mGal, both extremes occurring in Tibet. The geoid error corresponding to these differences is dominated by longer wavelengths, so extrema occur elsewhere, rising to +766 mm south of India and falling to –594 mm over New Guinea. At short wavelengths, the difference between ellipsoidal corrections based only on EGM96 and those derived from detailed local gravity data for the North Sea geoid GEONZ97 has a standard deviation of only 3.3 mm. However, the long-wavelength components missed by the local computation reach 300 mm and have a significant slope. In Australia, for example, such a slope would amount to a 600-mm rise from Perth to Cairns.     

GPS单站定位的误差改正模型研究

GPS单站定位的作业方式、外业组织观测和数据处理等比较简单,同时,由于采用观测值不同、观测时间长短不同、定位模式和数据处理方式不同,其精度可以从毫米级到米级不等,实际应用中以伪距单点定位和精密单点定位为主。GPS单站定位不能通过求差方式来消除或消弱各项误差,为提高其定位精度,必须研究各项误差的改正模型,以便对其进行精细改正。本文用2010年10月31日CHAN站24小时的观测数据,确定各项误差在一天中的影响大小和变化规律,研究结果对精密单点定位的误差研究和GPS定位误差的教学工作等都有参考意义。     

考虑高程信息的MERIS水汽插值及其在ASAR干涉图大气改正中的应用

提出了一种考虑高程信息的MERIS水汽插值方法。应用实例验证了该方法可以明显地削弱大气对干涉图的影响,并成功地探测出了美国洛杉矶地区的地表形变信号。研究结果表明,考虑高程信息的MERIS水汽插值法的改正精度优于常规的MERIS水汽插值改正法,改善程度平均达4.25%,有利于改正地形起伏大的地区的大气影响。     

鄱阳湖HJ-1A/B卫星CCD影像大气校正研究

以准同步的Terra/MODIS反演的气溶胶为辅助,采用FLAASH模型对2009-10-24鄱阳湖HJ-1A/B卫星CCD影像进行大气校正处理。结果表明,大气影响可以被有效去除,在水体遥感反射率较高的红、绿波段,大气校正精度较高,平均相对误差分别为13.4%和9.8%;而在水体遥感反射率较低的近红外、蓝波段,大气校正精度较低,这可能与波段不同的信噪比和陆地邻近像元效应有关。     

浅谈基于粗纠正影像源进行1∶10000 DLG生产“内外业一体化”工艺流程

为了减少外业工作量,利用航空摄影测量进行基础地理信息采集是最有效手段之一,国内外推出了一系列数字摄影测量的软件和系统.本文结合GEOWAY DPS/IS及VirtuoZo AAT(PATB)两种软件的生产实践,探讨了基于粗纠正影像源进行1∶10000数字线划图(DLG)生产“内外业一体化”的工艺流程.本文对以后采用此种方法成图具有一定的指导作用.     

一种地物直角平差纠正的新方法

由于测量存在观测误差,故根据测得的矩形地物特征点坐标数据,绘制的地物图形都不能严格是矩形,即地物直角条件不能严格成立。虽然目前的数字测图软件(如南方CASS 7.0)已提供了直角纠正功能,但它是一种简单机械的直角化方法,而不是进行平差纠正。为此,研究了一种以实际测量的地物特征点坐标为观测值进行地物直角平差纠正的算法,并以C#语言实现了该系统。实验证明,该系统能够更方便、更合理地实现对地物的直角纠正处理。