Applying genetic algorithms for calibrating a hexagonal cellular automata model for the simulation of debris flows characterised by strong inertial effects

In modelling complex a-centric phenomena which evolve through local interactions within a discrete time-space, cellular automata (CA) represent a valid alternative to standard solution methods based on differential equations. Flow-type phenomena (such as lava flows, pyroclastic flows, earth flows, and debris flows) can be viewed as a-centric dynamical systems, and they can therefore be properly investigated in CA terms.SCIDDICA S_4a is the last release of a two-dimensional hexagonal CA model for simulating debris flows characterised by strong inertial effects. S_4a has been obtained by progressively enriching an initial simplified model, originally derived for simulating very simple cases of slow-moving flow-type landslides.Using an empirical strategy, in S_4a, the inertial character of the flowing mass is translated into CA terms by means of local rules. In particular, in the transition function of the model, the distribution of landslide debris among the cells is obtained through a double cycle of computation. In the first phase, the inertial character of the landslide debris is taken into account by considering indicators of momentum. In the second phase, any remaining debris in the central cell is distributed among the adjacent cells, according to the principle of maximum possible equilibrium.The complexities of the model and of the phenomena to be simulated suggested the need for an automated technique of evaluation for the determination of the best set of global parameters. Accordingly, the model is calibrated using a genetic algorithm and by considering the May 1998 Curti–Sarno (Southern Italy) debris flow.The boundaries of the area affected by the debris flow are simulated well with the model. Errors computed by comparing the simulations with the mapped areal extent of the actual landslide are smaller than those previously obtained without genetic algorithms. As the experiments have been realised in a sequential computing environment, they could be improved by adopting a parallel environment, which allows the performance of a great number of tests in reasonable times.     

On the completeness of inertial wave modes in rotating annular channels

An important unanswered mathematical question in the theory of rotating fluids has been the completeness of the inviscid eigenfunctions which are usually referred to as inertial waves or inertial modes. We provide for the first time a mathematical proof for the completeness of the inertial modes in a rotating annular channel by establishing the completeness relation, or Parseval’s equality, for any piecewise continuous, differentiable velocity of an incompressible fluid.     

Upper ocean near-inertial response to the passage of two sequential typhoons in the northwestern South China Sea

Fifty-seven days of moored current records are examined, focusing on the sequential passage of Typhoons Nesat and Nalgae separated by 5 days in the northwestern South China Sea. Both typhoons generated strong near-inertial waves(NIW) as detected by a moored array, with the near-inertial velocity to the right of the typhoon path significantly larger than to the left. The estimated vertical phase and group velocities of the NIW induced by Typhoon Nesat are 0.2 cm s^-1 and 0.85 m h^-1, respectively,corresponding to a vertical wavelength of 350 m. Both the vertical phase and group velocities of the NIW induced by Typhoon Nalgae are lower than those of Typhoon Nesat, with the corresponding vertical wavelength only one-half that of Nesat. The threshold values of induced near-inertial kinetic energy(NIKE) of 5 J m^-3 reach water depths of 300 and 200 m for Typhoons Nesat and Nalgae, respectively, illustrating that the NIKE induced by Typhoon Nesat dissipated less with depth. Obvious blueshifts in the induced NIW frequencies are also detected. The frequency of NIW induced by Typhoon Nesat significantly increases at water depths of 100–150 m because of Doppler shifting, but decreases significantly at water depths of 100–150 m for Nalgae because of the greater influence of the background vorticity during the passage of Typhoon Nalgae.     

低空急流形成发展的一种可能机制——重力波的惯性不稳定

当斜压大气在高空急流轴附近满足条件f(f-/y)＜0时,非地转运动激发出的重力惯性波将得到进一步的发展.此时,斜压大气的地转适应过程无法实现,非热成风和垂直环流之间将发生正反馈作用, 负的非热成风将激发并加强南部上升北部下沉的垂直环流,垂直上升流的加强将导致低层低压系统的发展和低层流场的辐合,使得低层低压系统南侧的气压梯度力增大,结果在辐合区南侧形成低空急流.此外,非热成风的分布对垂直环流和低空急流的形成发展也具有非常重要的作用.     

Evaluation of methods to remove inertial force from measured model wave impact force signals

The subject of wave impact on offshore structures and their components is important to vessel designers and operators for many reasons. They are often required to quantify these impact loads. Standard methods for wave load prediction will underestimate the forces on these structures due to intermittent loading. This necessitates the use of physical model tests to establish wave impact loads. The model measurement systems are designed to have high stiffness. This ensures that the natural frequency of the structure is above the wave frequency. However, it is widely believed that impacting waves contain high-frequency energy components that cause the structure to vibrate at its modal frequencies. This impact-induced vibration is recorded by the measuring system as a force (inertial force), and corrupts the actual applied force measurement. Before scaling can occur, the inertial force must be removed from the measured signal.A number of techniques for removing inertial force from measured signals are described in the published literature. Three methods are discussed, implemented and compared in this paper. The algorithms and procedures are presented. Each technique contains inherent and unique problems, while some are common to all methods.Neither of the techniques produced results that are fully satisfactory. The main problem is unwanted high-frequency content after the application of the methods. While neither method offers the perfect solution, the use of digital filtering techniques is recommended based on their relative performance and ease of implementation.     

多单体雷暴的形变与列车效应传播机制

本文利用变分多普勒雷达分析系统(Variational Doppler Radar Analysis System,简称VDRAS)基础上构建的四维变分(4 Dimensional Variational assimilation,简称4DVar)低层热、动力反演系统,针对发生在北京地区的几次多单体雷暴系统演变过程,研究了线性多单体对流系统传播过程中发生的形变过程、强弱变化和“列车效应”等现象的物理机制.结果表明:(1)对于雷暴单体的传播方向与雨带的移动方向基本一致的多单体雷暴系统(如飑线系统),单体的传播速度不同最终造成多单体雷暴在形态上发生变化(如由直线形回波演变为“弓”形回波等),以及雷暴单体传播过程中的强弱变化等,是雷暴单体传播过程与低层环境大气相互作用的结果:如果雷暴前端的入流本身是暖湿的,并存在较强的水汽辐合现象时,雷暴单体发展更旺盛,传播速度更快,反之则趋于减弱,传播速度减慢.因此,对飑线系统的临近预报而言,需要特别关注多单体雷暴系统传播方向与近地面层中尺度水汽通量辐合带的交叉区域,该区域的雷暴单体“移动”速度更快、发展更为强烈.(2)对于“列车效应”多单体雷暴而言,其传播环境、传播机制与上述多单体雷暴系统几乎完全不同:“列车效应”一般发生在低空暖湿气流或低空急流附近,环境大气表现为条件性静力不稳定.雷暴单体的传播机制可能是惯性重力波的激发、传播的结果,由于西南暖湿气流或急流是一支暖湿气流输送带,惯性重力波由假相当位温θ_se的高值区向低值区传播,重力波将从背景场中不断获得能量而发展.因此,雷暴传播过程中不断增强的现象造成波动排列的多单体雷暴形成的最大降水中心往往出现在波列的前端.     

Distribution characteristics of inertial sediment particles in the turbulent boundary layer of an open channel flow determined using Vorono? analysis

This paper presents the numerical investigation of the distribution of inertial sediment particles in the turbulent boundary layer of an open channel flow with the particle Stokes number ranging from 0.6 to 20.4. The methodology is a combination of three numerical approaches, i.e. direct numerical simulation of turbulent flow, the point-particle immersed boundary method, and the discrete particle method. By applying the Vorono? analysis, the preferential concentration characteristics of sediment particles were investigated quantitatively. It was found that the normalized area of the Vorono? cells follows a log-normal particle distribution. The inertial sediment particles distributed unevenly in the turbulent boundary layer and the unevenness, governed by the particle Stokes number, was more significant as the particle Stokes number approaches unity. The inertial sediment particles in the turbulent boundary layer accumulated preferentially in streamwise-aligned streaky structures and this pattern was less significant with increasing particle Stokes number.     

海上石油钻井中的惯性测量技术分析

介绍了国内测井用惯性测量技术的现状,分析了适用于海上石油钻井平台上的油气井井眼轨迹惯性测量方案,并指出了基于光纤陀螺的测量方案是未来的发展方向。     

Smoothing GPS carrier phase double differences using inertial measurements for high performance applications

This paper will describe an enhancement to the GPS double difference carrier phase measurements on a single airborne platform by smoothing them with inertial measurements while preserving the dynamic bandwidth. This enhancement will reduce the impact of carrier phase multipath and carrier phase noise on baseline determination between multiple antennas on an aircraft when in flight. This type of measurement system has numerous applications where platform pointing and relative body motion must be determined at the mm-level for applications such as sensor stabilization, Synthetic Aperture Radar, long range RADAR (i.e. angle-of-arrival measurements). Lower noise levels (mm-level and below) enable more performance to the stabilized system such as increased aperture for longer range, operation at higher frequencies, and more image resolution. The focus of this paper will be on a technique to provide this enhanced performance for these various applications using the available navigation systems. Additionally, this type of smoothing can effectively remove the additional noise induced by carrier phase measurement differencing. The noise level of a double or triple difference can be reduced below that of the raw measurement. A complimentary synthesized double difference quantity with ultra-low-noise characteristics will be used to smooth the GPS carrier phase double difference measurements without losing dynamic bandwidth since it follows the airborne dynamics. Flight test data will be presented to demonstrate the performance improvement in the midst of aircraft dynamics. Results will show that the noise reduction follows the theoretical prediction.     

GPS/INS组合导航系统抗差滤波器设计

常规Ｋａｌｍａｎ滤波器已经广泛用于ＧＰＳ／ＩＮＳ组合导航系统,其中假设系统动态模型和噪声统计特性是精确已知的。事实上,这种假设是不符合实际情况的。在组合导航系统中,惯性测量器件的质量不稳定,ＧＰＳ测量误差受外界环境的影响,因而对组合导航系统进行抗差设计是十分必要的。本文利用对策论设计了能使不确定噪声下性能最好的极小极大抗差滤波器,并将其应用到ＧＰＳ／ＩＮＳ组合导航系统中。考虑一个ＩＯ状态的ＧＰＳ／