中更新世气候转型期南海北部和南部的气候变化差异

选取大洋钻探ODP184航次在南海北部采集的1144站为研究材料,通过分析中更新世0.4～1.4Ma期间506个样品中浮游有孔虫氧、碳稳定同位素的变化特征,并与南海南部ODP 1143站和西太平洋暖池ODP 807站的同位素资料进行比较,发现南海北部的氧、碳稳定同位素及其差值的变化响应中更新世气候转型事件,在中更新世距今约0.9Ma之后100ka的偏心率周期明显增强。在中更新世气候转型之前,南海北部、南海南部和赤道西太平洋都呈现出典型的热带气候特征,具有岁差和半岁差的气候周期;转型之后,随着北半球冰盖的进一步扩张,南海北部受东亚冬季风增强的影响而导致温度下降、温跃层变深,但南海南部与赤道西太平洋的温度变化较小且温跃层变浅,说明同属季风区的南海北部和南部对气候变化的响应有所不同。     

1960-2009年西南地区极端干旱气候变化(英文)

Based on the daily data of temperature and precipitation of 108 meteorological stations in Southwest China from 1960 to 2009, we calculate the monthly and yearly surface humid indexes, as well as the extreme drought frequency. According to the data, the temporal and spatial characteristics of the extreme drought frequency in inter-annual, inter-decadal, summer monsoon period and winter monsoon period are analyzed. The results are indicated as follows. (1) In general, the southwestern Sichuan Basin, southern Hengduan Mountains, southern coast of Guangxi and northern Guizhou are the areas where the extreme drought frequency has significantly increased in the past 50 years. As for the decadal change, from the 1960s to the 1980s the extreme drought frequency has presented a decreasing trend, while the 1990s is the wettest decade and the whole area is turning wet. In the 2000s, the extreme drought frequency rises quickly, but the regional differences reduce. (2) During summer monsoon period, the extreme drought frequency is growing, which generally occurs in the high mountains around the Sichuan Basin, most parts of Guangxi and "the broom-shaped mountains" in Yunnan. It is distinct that the altitude has impacts on the ex-treme drought frequency; during winter monsoon period, the area is relatively wet and the extreme drought frequency is decreasing. (3) During summer monsoon period, the abrupt change is observed in 2003, whereas the abrupt change during winter monsoon period is in 1989. The annual extreme drought frequency variation is a superposition of abrupt changes during summer monsoon and winter monsoon periods. The departure sequence vibration of annual extreme drought frequency is quasi-5 years and quasi-12 years.     

黑河中游夏季昼夜水汽同位素特征及水汽来源分析

基于2012年6~8月的实测水汽同位素数据及相关气象数据,对黑河中游夏季昼夜的同位素基本特征、水汽来源方向及潜在蒸发源地进行了研究。结果表明：空气水汽线斜率白天大于夜晚和水汽过量氘值白天大于夜晚,综合说明白天局地蒸发较夜晚强烈;夏季受西风水汽影响显著。其中,6月主要受西风水汽和北冰洋水汽影响,7、8月主要受西风水汽和东南方向水汽影响,且8月受东南方向水汽影响最为明显;水汽运移路径上下垫面地形和气压带移动会影响水汽后向轨迹高度,西北方向上水汽输送通道较顺畅,风速较大,有利于水汽的输送;水汽蒸发源地主要集中在研究区周围及以东、以北部,其次是西北部。绿洲是主要的水汽蒸发源地,其次是城市和河流,白天较夜晚局地蒸发强烈且面积大。     

东亚夏季风北界与我国夏季降水关系的研究

为了研究东亚夏季风北界与我国东部夏季降水异常的关系,本文利用夏季850 hPa上20°N以北105°~125°E之间平均南风风速2 m/s所在的纬度,定义了一个新的东亚夏季风北界指数。初步分析表明:东亚夏季风北界在1976年之前(含1976年)位置偏北,而1976年之后位置偏南,具有明显的年代际变化,较好地反映了我国东部夏季降水异常分布型的变化。对应于东亚夏季风北界的异常,东亚夏季风强度、西北太平洋副热带高压位置与面积、亚洲大陆热低压等也发生了相应的变化,它们之间的关系如下:东亚夏季风北界位置偏北(南)时,对流层低层亚洲大陆热低压偏强(弱),东亚夏季风偏强(弱),西北太平洋副热带高压位置偏北(南)、面积偏小(大),南亚高压偏弱(强),长江中下游地区气流以下沉(上升)为主,降水偏少(多);华北地区气流以上升(下沉)为主,降水偏多(少)。     

长江下游夏季降水与东亚夏季风及春季太平洋海温的关系

利用NCEP/NCAR逐日再分析资料、NOAA月平均海表温度资料及中国站点逐日降水资料,研究了长江下游夏季降水、东亚夏季风(区分南海热带夏季风和副热带夏季风)及春季太平洋海温之间的关系。结果表明,南海夏季风强度与长江下游夏季降水量呈反相关,而副热带夏季风强度与长江下游夏季降水量呈正相关;春季赤道东太平洋海温与当年长江下游夏季降水存在正相关,是夏季长江下游夏季降水变化趋势的较好前期预测信号;南海夏季风和副热带夏季风强度对春季赤道东太平洋海温异常的响应是相反的。     

Late Quaternary record of Indian summer monsoon-induced stratification and productivity collapse in the Andaman Sea

During each summer monsoon, the northeastern Indian Ocean receives a huge amount of rain and river discharge, resulting in strong stratification and prevalence of oligotrophic conditions. These water column changes impact upper ocean productivity which is reflected in the planktonic foraminifera distribution, providing an opportunity to study the effect of monsoon forcing and stratification history. Analogous to modern-day stratification, very intense water column stratification and productivity collapse were observed associated with Indian summer monsoon (ISM) evolution. This paper reports significant stratification events during MIS 3 (37.0 to 33 and 27 to 24 cal ka), Bølling/Allerød (B/A), early Holocene (10.0 to 8.0 cal ka) and mid-Holocene (7.0 to 5.0 cal ka) which slowly muted upwelling and productivity. The deglacial intensification of the ISM started in the early stages of the Bølling/Allerød (B/A) followed by slight weakening during the Younger Dryas and regained strength during the early Holocene, coinciding with the highest summer insolation at 30°N. A progressive decline in the abundances of productivity and salinity proxies from 4.2 to 2.0 cal ka suggests a gradual weakening of the ISM. The late Quaternary productivity variations in the Bay of Bengal and the Andaman Sea are primarily controlled by salinity-related stratification.     

Ice cover exists: A quick method to delineate groundwater inputs in running waters for cold and temperate regions

Groundwater can be important in regulating stream thermal regimes in cold, temperate regions, and as such, it can be a significant factor for aquatic biota habits and habitats. Groundwater typically remains at a constant temperature through time; that is, it is warmer than surface water in winter and cooler in summer. Further, small tributaries are often dominated by groundwater during low flows of winter and summer. We exploit these thermal patterns to identify and delineate tributary/groundwater inputs along a frozen river (ice‐on) using publically available satellite data, and we tested the findings against airborne, thermal infrared (TIR) data. We utilize a supervised maximum likelihood classification (sMLC) to identify possible groundwater inputs while the river is in a frozen state (kappa coefficient of 96.77 when compared with visually delineated possible groundwater inputs). We then compare sMLC‐identified possible groundwater inputs with TIR‐classified groundwater inputs, which confirmed that there was no statistical difference (χ² = .78), that is, confirming that groundwater inputs can be delineated in north temperate river systems using available satellite imagery of the system's frozen state. Our results also established the spatial extent and influence of possible groundwater inputs in two seasons. The thermal plumes were longer and narrower in winter; this is likely related to seasonal differences in dispersion regimes. We hypothesize that differences between summer and winter is related to either (a) tributaries that are modulated by shading in summer or (b) aquifer disconnection from the river in winter owing to frozen ground conditions and lack of aquifer recharge. This method of establishing tributary/groundwater inputs and contributions to surface water thermal regimes is relatively simple and can be useful for science and management as long as “ice cover exists”; that is, the system can achieve a frozen state.     

Diversity, Distribution Pattern and Conservation Status of the Plants Used in Liver Diseases/Ailments in Indian Himalayan Region

Introduction The Indian Himalayan Region (IHR) is known for its unique, natural, representative biodiversity (Samant et al. 1998a). This biodiversity is being utilized by the inhabitants of the IHR in various forms, i.e., medicine, food (wild edibles), fuel, fodder, timber, making agricultural tools, fiber, religious and various other purposes (Samant and Dhar 1997, Samant et al. 1998b). In the remote areas of the IHR where primary health centers are located far from the villages, the in…     

夏季青藏高原上空热力异常与其上下游大气环流联系的研究进展

围绕夏季青藏高原热力异常与其上、下游大气环流在年际尺度变化上的联系,对最新的研究成果做了简要介绍。通过观测资料分析与数值试验,指出在年际尺度上夏季青藏高原热力异常与同期亚洲-太平洋涛动（APO）具有显著且稳定的联系,前者可能通过调节亚洲和中东太平洋热带外大尺度垂直环流异常影响后者。另外,夏季青藏高原热力异常对高原上空及更大范围上对流层温度的年际变化也有一定贡献,进而通过对上游大尺度环流的调节作用影响到同期西非萨赫勒地区的降水。夏季青藏高原热力异常只是导致其上、下游大气环流年际变化的一个原因,其他影响效应尚需进一步探讨。      

2017年我国区域性高温过程特征及异常大气环流成因分析

基于区域性高温过程综合强度指数,利用1961年1月—2017年8月全国2452个气象站的日最高气温和2017年NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,分析2017年我国区域性高温过程的特征,并探讨2017年夏季我国第2次区域性高温事件的形成机理。2017年我国区域性高温过程呈现强度强、日数长、覆盖范围大的特点。在气候变暖的背景下,我国单次区域性高温过程最大影响范围呈极明显扩大趋势。2017年7月上中旬,强大的大陆高压控制我国北方地区,进而造成了这次影响范围广、持续时间长的高温事件。7月下旬,我国广大南方地区处于副热带高压脊的控制下,强大的下沉气流和反气旋环流,使得大气层更加稳定,最终导致高温天气的形成。