附不等式约束平差的一种简单迭代算法

基于最优化计算理论中罚函数方法及传统测量平差中零权和无限权的思想,提出一种有效的迭代算法,算法过程与经典平差计算方法相同.数值实验表明,该算法简单、可行,并且具有很快的收敛速度.作者还将该模型用在大坝变形分析中,根据地形对控制点建立不等式约束,能够探测到更真实的点位位移,较之无约束平差更合理可靠.     

用改进的十进制遗传算法确定土质边坡最危险滑面

基于瑞典圆弧法和简化Bishop条分法分析土质边坡的稳定性,以圆弧滑裂面与边坡面的左右交点的两个横坐标和以滑裂面圆心的纵坐标作为优化变量,采用了一种改进的十进制遗传算法对优化变量进行优化。这种改进的遗传算法是以简单的十进制遗传算法为基础,结合优体克隆操作、子体优生操作和多代调环操作。通过计算ACADS考核题验证,该方法有较强的自适应能力,具有收敛速度快、解的精度高和避免出现早熟等优点。     

一种改进的电法勘探技术在探测隐伏溶洞的应用

贵州岩溶地貌分布广泛,地质情况非常复杂,严重影响重大工程建设和地下水安全,文章提出一种改进的电法勘探技术,对不良地质体勘查取得了成功应用。以直流电法理论为基础,该方法是根据视电阻率微分统计原理,由电流密度分布规律与供电电极AB两极分布总存在着一定的对应关系,在野外同一供电测线(剖面)上,通过不断加密改变供电极距AB的位置,观测测量电极MN之间的电性参数变化,求取剖面相应纵向空间上,较大深度的(近地表的)近似连续视电阻率地电断面异常。此方法在深300 m以浅的岩溶区隐患排查中取得较好勘查效果,对煤矿钻孔及页岩气钻孔的选址探测误差能够控制在7%以内,值得进一步探索实践。     

多同性源阵列电阻率法隧道超前探测方法与物理模拟试验研究

直流电阻率法以其对含水构造响应敏感且适应性强的特点,是隧道施工期超前地质预报的常用方法.针对目前定点源三极观测方式易受到测线附近旁侧异常干扰与聚焦观测方式探测距离过短无法三维成像的问题,提出了一种基于多同性源阵列电阻率的隧道超前探测新方法,利用环形布置的多同性源供电压制隧道掌子面后方的异常体的干扰,同时增强掌子面前方远处异常体的敏感度,阵列电极测量可为含水构造的三维反演成像提供三维数据.首先,开展了含水构造超前探测的数值正演模拟,发现多同性源方法的视电阻率纵向微分曲线极小值以及与横轴的交点位置可对异常体位置进行定性判断,探讨了多同性源方法对后方及侧向异常干扰的响应特征及识别方法.其次,将电阻率光滑约束与轨迹光滑策略引入蚁群反演算法,提出了一种最小二乘方法与改进蚁群算法相结合的混合反演算法,反演数值算例表明混合反演算法能够实现含水构造的三维成像,较好地反演出不同距离的含水构造位置,并使其边界较为清晰.为了验证多同性源探测方法的探测效果开展了物理模型试验,多同性源阵列电阻率法能较好的反映含水构造的存在,与实际含水构造的位置较为相符.     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Women, Work, and Ideology in the Third World . Haleh Afshar, ed. The Birth of the National Park Service. The Founding Years 1913–33 . Horace M. Albright Theatres of Accumulation: Studies in Asian and Latin American Urbanization . Warwick Armstrong and T.G. McGee. New Tools for Social Scientists, Advances and Applications in Research Methods . William D. Berry and Michael S. Lewis -Beck , eds . Uncertain Dimensions: Western Overseas Empires in the Twentieth Century . Raymond F. Betts. Geography of Sugar Cane . Helmut Blume. The Mines of Neptune: Minerals and Metals from the Sea . Elisabeth Mann Borgese. Geographical Dimensions of Energy . F.J. Calzonetti and B.D. Solomon, eds. Statistical Methods for Geographers . W. A. V. Clark and P. L. Hosking. In The Wake of Columbus, Islands and Controversy . John DeVorsey, Jr., and John Parker, eds. Housing, States and Localities . Peter Dickens, Simon Duncan, Mark Goodwin and Fred Gray. Physician Location and Specialty Choice . Richard L. Ernst and Donald E. Yett. Practical Ecology for Geography and Biology: Survey, Mapping, and Data Analysis . D.D. Gilbertson , M. Kent and F.B. Pyatt Large Scale Water Transfers: Emerging Environmental and Social Experiences . Genady N. Golubev and Asit K. Biswas, eds. The Nature of the Environment . Andrew Goudie. Planning for Population Change . W.T.S. Gould and R. Lawton. The Niger and its Neighbors: Environmental History and Hydrobiology. Human Use and Health Hazards of the Major West African Rivers . A.T. Grove, ed. Remote Sensing of Ice and Snow . Dorothy K. Hall and Jaroslav Martinec. Atlas of Antebellum Southern Agriculture . Sam Bowers Hilliard. Galilee Divided; The Israel-Lebanon Frontier, 1916-1984 . Frederic C. Hor . Plains Country Towns . John C. Hudson. Agricultural Geography: A Social and Economic Analysis . Brian W. Ilbery. Industry in the 1980s: Structural Change and Interdependence . U.N. Industrial Development Organization. Crabgrass Frontier: The Suburbanization of the United States . Kenneth T. Jackson. The Industrial Geography of Italy . Russell King. Studies in Linguistic Geography: The Dialects of English in Britain and Ireland . John M. Kirk, Stewart Sanderson, J.D.A. Widdowson, eds. Tourism: A Community Approach . Peter E. Murphy. Cities and Services: The Geography of Collective Consumption . Steven Pinch. An Historical Geography of Europe 1800–1914 . Norman J. G. Pounds. An Introduction to Human Ecology Research on Agricultural Systems in Southeast Asia . A. Terry Rambo and Percy E. Sajise, eds. Discovering Past Landscapes . Michael Reed, ed. Managing the Ocean: Resources, Research, Law . Jacques G. Richardson, ed. Carta fitosociologica de la transecta botanica de la Patagonia Austral . F.A. Roig , Juan Anchorema , Orlando Dollenz , A.M. Faggi and Eduardo Mandez Intermetropolitan Migration in Canada: Changing Determinants over Three Decades . R. Paul Shaw. Chinese Cities—The Growth of the Metropolis since 1949 . Victor F. Sit, ed. Urbanization in the World-Economy . Michael Timberlake, ed. The Al Business: Commercial Uses of Artificial Intelligence . Patrick H. Winston and Karen A. Prendergast, eds.     

Co-dynamics of climate policy stringency and public support

Public support for stringent climate policies is currently weak. We develop a model to study the dynamics of public support for climate policies. It comprises three interconnected modules: one calculates policy impacts; a second translates these into policy support mediated by social influence; and a third represents the regulator adapting policy stringency depending on public support. The model combines general-equilibrium and agent-based elements and is empirically grounded in a household survey, which allows quantifying policy support as a function of effectiveness, personal wellbeing and distributional effects. We apply our approach to compare two policy instruments, namely carbon taxation and performance standards, and identify intertemporal trajectories that meet the climate target and count on sufficient public support. Our results highlight the importance of social influence, opinion stability and income inequality for public support of climate policies. Our model predicts that carbon taxation consistently generates more public support than standards. Finally, we show that under moderate social influence and income inequality, an increasing carbon tax trajectory combined with progressive revenue redistribution receives the highest average public support over time.     

An improved probabilistic relaxation method for matching multi-scale road networks

Matching multi-scale road networks in the same area is the first step in merging two road networks or updating one based upon the other. The quality of the merge or update depends greatly on the matching accuracy of the two road networks. We propose an improved probabilistic relaxation method, considering both local and global optimizations for matching multi-scale of road networks. The aim is to achieve local optimization, as well as to address the identification of the M:N matching pattern by means of inserting virtual nodes to achieve global optimization effects. Then, by adding two attribute-related evaluation indicators, we developed four evaluation indicators to evaluate the matching accuracy, considering both geographic and attribute information. This paper also provides instructions on how to identify the proper buffer threshold during matching procedures. Extensive experiments were conducted to compare the proposed method with the traditional approach. The results indicate that: (1) the overall matching accuracy of each evaluation indicator exceeds 90%; (2) the overall matching accuracy increases by 6–12% after an M:N matching pattern is added, and by 4–6% following the addition of topology indicators; and (3) the proper buffer threshold is about twice the average value of the closest distance from all nodes.     

Space,scale, and regional inequality in provincial China: A spatial filtering approach

This paper investigates regional inequality and development in China's Guangdong province by employing the multi-scale and multi-mechanism framework. The study further examines the relationship between space, scale, and regional inequality by applying a spatial filtering method that eliminates spatial dependence of the data and quantifies the extent to which spatial effects have contributed to regional inequality at multiple scales. The results suggest that over 90% of the divide between the core of the Pearl River Delta (PRD) and the periphery areas of Guangdong province can be explained by the effect of strengthening spatial dependence. By incorporating spatial filters in space-time models, we also reveal the space-time and core-periphery heterogeneities of development mechanisms. Our study confirms that the integration of a multi-scale and multi-mechanism framework and rigorous spatial analysis methods, such as spatial filtering and space-time modeling, helps better understand the complexity of regional development in China.     

Spatial and gender inequality in the Kenya certificate of primary education examination results

Kenya's 8-4-4 system of education consists of 8 years of primary education, 4 years of secondary education, and 4 years of university education. The system was introduced in 1985 with the primary aim of better aligning Kenya's education system with its development aspirations. In particular, the system sought to reduce youth unemployment by offering them life skills training as well as technical and vocational skills. At the completion of 8 years of primary education, students take the national Kenya Certificate of Primary Education (KCPE) exam which tests students in five courses: English, Kiswahili, mathematics, science, and social studies and religious education (SSR). However, since the adoption of the 8-4-4 system, no comprehensive study of the spatial distribution of KCPE exam scores, especially by gender has been done. Thus, this study examines nationwide performance on the 2011 KCPE exam by gender using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and spatial statistics. Examination scores derived from approximately 17,217 public primary schools and 630,625 students were used in the study. Point pattern analysis was subsequently used to extract useful information from the dataset. A hot spot and cold spot analysis was then performed to see if unusual concentrations of scores exist in space in terms of overall performance, performance by gender, and individual subject scores. Our results show an existence of significant variability in terms of overall performance, performance by gender, and individual subject scores; with males outperforming females in mathematics, science, and SSR. Additionally, we found that proximity to major road networks and urban centers positively influences student performance on the KCPE exam probably because these factors influence the availability of educational resources (such as books and teachers), masterly of English (the language of instruction), teacher supervision, and child teachability.     

Performance assessment and optimization of seepage control system: A numerical case study for Kala underground powerhouse

The Kala Hydropower Station, planned in the middle reach of Yalong River in China, consists of a large-scale cavern system for water conveyance and power generation. The construction site is characteristic of difficult geological conditions and is rich in groundwater, and the control of groundwater flow in the surrounding rocks of the underground caverns becomes one of the key technological issues. This case study presents a systematic performance assessment of the seepage control system designed for the underground caverns by finite element numerical modeling, with particular concerns on geological characterization of the site and quantitative determination of the excavation-induced variation in hydraulic conductivity of the surrounding rock masses. The significant influence of the excavation-induced permeability variation on the seepage field in the surrounding rocks and the overall behaviors of the seepage control system are comprehensively illustrated by the numerical results, and the optimized design parameters are suggested for the drainage system. The methodology presented in this study is useful for understanding the performance of the seepage control system widely deployed in underground powerhouse engineering.