Comparing fire-history interpretations based on area, number and estimated volume of macroscopic charcoal in lake sediments

Sedimentary charcoal particles from lakes are commonly used to investigate fire history. Fire-history reconstructions are based on measuring the surface area or counting the number of charcoal fragments in adjacent samples. Recently, the volume of charcoal particles was advised as a more accurate method for quantifying past charcoal production. Large charcoal datasets, used to synthesize global fire history, include these different types of charcoal measurements and implicitly assume that they provide comparable fire-history information. However, no study has demonstrated that this assumption is valid. Here we compare fire-frequency reconstructions based on measurements of charcoal area and number, and estimates of charcoal volume from two lake sediment records from the eastern Canadian boreal forest. Results indicate that the three proxies provide comparable fire-history interpretations when using a locally defined threshold to identify fire events.     

火试金富集-重量法测定铜精矿中金银含量

研究了新型试金炉和灰吹炉在铜精矿中金银含量重量法检测中的应用,大大提高了铜精矿中金银含量的检出效率,满足了大批量铜精矿样品的快速测定。该方法具有简单、快速、准确度高的特点。     

The effects of fire and tephra deposition on forest vegetation in the Central Cascades, Oregon

High-resolution charcoal and pollen analyses were used to reconstruct a 12,000-yr-long fire and vegetation history of the Tumalo Lake watershed and to examine the short-term effects that tephra deposition have on forest composition and fire regime. The record suggests that, from 12,000 to 9200 cal yr BP, the watershed was dominated by an open Pinus forest with Artemisia as a common understory species. Fire episodes occurred on average every 115 yr. Beginning around 9200 cal yr BP, and continuing to the present, Abies became more common while Artemisia declined, suggesting the development of a closed forest structure and a decrease in the frequency of fire episodes, occurring on average every 160 yr. High-resolution pollen analyses before and after the emplacement of three distinct tephra deposits in the watershed suggest that nonarboreal species were most affected by tephra events and that recovery of the vegetation community to previous conditions took between 40 and 100 yr. Changes in forest composition were not associated with tephra depositional events or changes in fire-episode frequency, implying that the regional climate is the more important control on long-term forest composition and structure of the vegetation in the Cascade Range.     

Holocene vegetation, fire and climate history of the Sawtooth Range, central Idaho, USA

The paucity of low- and middle-elevation paleoecologic records in the Northern Rocky Mountains limits our ability to assess current environmental change in light of past conditions. A 10,500-yr-long vegetation, fire and climate history from Lower Decker Lake in the Sawtooth Range provides information from a new region. Initial forests dominated by pine and Douglas-fir were replaced by open Douglas-fir forest at 8420 cal yr BP, marking the onset of warmer conditions than present. Presence of closed Douglas-fir forest between 6000 and 2650 cal yr BP suggests heightened summer drought in the middle Holocene. Closed lodgepole pine forest developed at 2650 cal yr BP and fires became more frequent after 1450 cal yr BP. This shift from Douglas-fir to lodgepole pine forest was probably facilitated by a combination of cooler summers, cold winters, and more severe fires than before. Five drought episodes, including those at 8200 cal yr BP and during the Medieval Climate Anomaly, were registered by brief intervals of lodgepole pine decline, an increase in fire activity, and mistletoe infestation. The importance of a Holocene perspective when assessing the historical range of variability is illustrated by the striking difference between the modern forest and that which existed 3000 yr ago.     

Revisiting the late Pleistocene mammal extinction record at Tight Entrance Cave, southwestern Australia

Tight Entrance Cave (TEC) in southwestern Australia provides a Pleistocene sequence documenting the extinction of 14 large mammal species. This record has been interpreted as indicating that extinctions did not occur during or before the penultimate glacial maximum (PGM) and that humans played a primary role in the extinctions. However, it remains possible that the majority of extinct megafauna persisted no later than the PGM. The TEC extinctions correspond with vegetation change, a cooling/drying trend, increased biomass burning, and increasingly unstable small mammal communities. The initiation of these trends predates human arrival on the continent and implies environmentally mediated extinctions.     

郑州市主城区汽车服务业集聚及与交通的 空间关联

随着我国汽车产业的发展和民用汽车拥有量的增加,人们对汽车服务的需求越来越大。以郑州市主城区为例,基于核密度估计法、局部Getis-Ord G^*指数,采用汽车服务业电子地图兴趣点（POI）大数据对郑州市主城区汽车服务业的空间集聚格局及其与内外交通的空间关系进行分析。研究表明：（1）郑州市主城区汽车服务业空间分布极不均衡,街道之间汽车服务企业数量的空间分布差异明显,且呈不断拉大的趋势;（2）汽车服务业空间集聚特征显著,空间上形成了中心城区双核块状集聚、边缘城区次中心分散发展的多中心、轴带状集聚格局,两大集聚热点片区越来越突出;（3）各细分行业也表现出不同程度的集聚趋势,汽车配件和汽车销售行业的专业化集聚区域逐步收缩,而汽车维修养护和汽车租赁业的专业化区域则大幅度地向城市外围地区拓展;（4）城市内部交通和对外交通便捷性是影响汽车服务业空间布局的重要因素,沿城市道路的轴线分布和沿高速公路出入口邻近分布是汽车服务企业区位选择的主导趋势。     

CPⅢ技术在变形监测中的应用

CPⅢ控制网是直接控制无碴轨道施工的最后一级平面、高程控制网,已经在高速铁路建设中大量采用,其数据采集和数据处理技术已日趋成熟。文中结合重庆市某桥墩变形监测项目,介绍将CPⅢ技术应用于变形监测工程的操作流程。监测结果表明,CPⅢ后方交会测量精度达毫米级,能够满足大部分变形监测工程的精度要求。     

Water quality of two streams near Yellowstone Park, Wyoming, following the 1988 Clover-Mist wildfire

 In 1988, wildfire burned over 50% of the Jones Creek watershed near Yellowstone Park, Wyoming. Crow Creek, an adjacent watershed, was unburned. Water quality data collected from 1989–1993 may show the fire's effect on weathering and nutrient transport. Jones Creek had 25–75% larger concentrations of dissolved solids than Crow Creek during the sampling period. Both streams revealed molar ratios consistent with the stoichiometry of andesine and pyroxene hydrolysis in the trachyandesites that underlie the basins. During 1989, nitrate transported from the unburned Crow Creek basin peaked at 2 mmol ha^–1 s^–1. This was twice as much as Jones Creek, possibly indicating a source from ash fallout. By 1992 these rates diminished to 0.1 mmol ha^–1 s^–1 in Crow Creek and increased to 1.8 mmol ha^–1 s^–1 in Jones Creek, suggesting later nitrate mobilization in the burned watershed. Phosphorus transported from Jones Creek basin averaged 0.011 mmol ha^–1 s^–1 during summer 1989, but fell to 0.004 mg ha^–1 s^–1 in subsequent years. Received: 28 May 1997 · Accepted: 18 November 1997     

Linear collapse of spatially linear,three-dimensional,potential null points

The collapse of the magnetic field in the vicinity of a null point creates a large electrical current. Non-ideal effects in the surrounding plasma can then allow the onset of magnetic reconnection, which is important in many astrophysical phenomena. An elegant technique is used to show that spatially linear, initially potential, three-dimensional null points have a tendency to collapse with a growth of either the spine current or the fan current or a combination of both. The rate of collapse is determined for an incompressible plasma flow with open boundary conditions. An initial plasma flow affects the rate of collapse by speeding it up.     

Effects of wildfire and logging on streamwater chemistry and cation exports of small forested catchments in Southeastern New South Wales,Australia

In January 1979 four experimental catchments in forests of southeastern New South Wales were burnt by wildfire. Logging before the fire had no detectable effect on concentrations of Ca, K, Mg, Na, Cl, NO₃, nor on pH of stream waters. In all burnt catchments mean K concentrations increased by from 20 per cent to 60 per cent for a 12 month period and nitrate concentrations increased by factors of about ten in severely burnt catchments. In one of the catchments (unlogged) Ca also increased. From one year to four years after the fire, concentrations of all ions were either close to or less than levels predicted from the control but, during the fifth and sixth years, concentrations of Mg and Na were higher by 20 per cent to 60 per cent. In all burnt catchments, cation exports increased considerably during the first three years after the fire but major components of these increases were elevated levels of runoff. Exports of Mg and Na were higher than those of the control during the fifth and sixth years after the fire, although runoff had returned to pre-fire levels in the two unlogged catchments and was 10 per cent to 20 per cent greater than the control in the two logged catchments. During this final period, increased ion concentrations were the main factors which contributed to the elevated exports. Post-fire logging in one catchment had no detectable effects on streamwater parameters measured in the study but was associated with a further increase in runoff.