同级位移多次循环作用下型钢混凝土柱抗震性能试验研究

为研究远场长周期地震动作用下SRC柱的抗震性能,对5个不同含钢率和配箍率的SRC柱进行同级位移循环加载10次的拟静力试验,分析其抗震性能指标。结果表明:同级位移循环次数对SRC柱抗震性能的影响与循环位移幅值有关。位移角不大于1/50时,同级位移循环次数对SRC柱的裂缝发展、承载力退化和耗能能力的影响均很小;位移角1/40时,随着位移循环次数的增加,SRC柱的裂缝不断发展,角部混凝土逐渐掉落,承载力退化幅度开始加大,耗能能力逐渐增强,损伤程度增长较快;位移角1/33时,同级位移多次循环导致SRC柱的损伤急剧发展,承载力快速降低,耗能能力明显增强,破坏程度显著加重。提高含钢率和配箍率均可以改善SRC柱的抗震性能。     

重力异常场空间-波数混合域三维数值模拟

重力勘探中复杂条件下的三维正演计算量大存储要求高,使得这种条件下重力勘探高效、精细正反演变得困难.针对这一问题,提出一种空间-波数混合域数值模拟方法,该方法将空间域引力位积分进行水平方向二维傅里叶变换,将三维空间域卷积问题转换为多个不同波数之间相互独立的空间垂向一维积分问题,一维积分垂向可离散为多个单元积分之和,每个单元采用二次形函数表征密度变化,可得出单元积分的解析表达式.该方法计算量和存储需求少,算法高度并行;保留垂向为空间域,优势之一在于可根据实际情况合理调整单元疏密程度,准确模拟任意复杂地形和密度异常体的重力异常,兼顾计算精度与计算效率;优势之二在于用形函数拟合求得积分的解析解,计算精度和效率高;充分利用一维形函数积分的高效和高精度,不同波数之间一维积分高度并行性及快速傅里叶变换的高效性,实现重力异常场三维数值模拟.设计棱柱体模型,通过数值解和解析解对比验证了该方法的正确性、适用性和高效性.针对任意复杂地形条件下的重力场及其张量的模拟问题,提出一种快速算法,对其有效性进行了验证.探究标准FFT法的截断效应对计算精度的影响,对比分析Gauss-FFT法和标准FFT扩边法两种方法的计算精度和效率,总结了二者的选取策略,结果表明选用标准FFT扩边法计算效率更高.实际地形的数值模拟表明本文算法适用于任意复杂地形的高效计算.     

On the instability of internal gravity waves propagating at small but finite angles to the vertical

The question of the instability of internal gravity waves (IGWs) propagating at small angles to the vertical is re-visited. The case of an IGW of finite-amplitude propagating at a very small but finite angle to the vertical is considered. This angle serves as a small parameter in the problem, and the instability of such an IGW is investigated by using the Fourier method and the Sivashinsky integral relations. The analysis undertaken confirms the existence of short-wave instability for small IGW amplitudes and for an arbitrarily small value of their propagation angle to the vertical. For small viscosity and thermal conductivity of the fluid medium, the growth rate of the most unstable mode is proportional to the square of the amplitude of the IGW. The results obtained may be of interest for interpreting the results of observations and confirming the existence of turbulence in the middle atmosphere.     

Elastic properties of sands,Part 1: Micro computed tomography image analysis of grain shapes and their relationship with microstructure

Elastic properties of an unconsolidated sand are largely dependent on the elastic properties of its constituent grain and the micro-structure that defines how the grains are arranged within themselves. Coordination number, that is the average number of contacts a grain has with its neighbours, and contact surface area are the two parameters closely related to the microstructure. Moreover, grain shapes and sorting also have substantial influence on these parameters. To calculate these parameters and find any potential relationships with the shape factors, we acquire high-resolution micro computed tomography images of four mechanically compacted unconsolidated dry sand samples that are of different shape factors and sorting indices. After a comprehensive voxel-based data processing, we calculate shape factors such as sphericity and roundness of each grain in all samples. Using own algorithm, we then calculate the coordination number and contact surface area. Results show that samples of well-sorted and higher spherical and rounded grains have higher coordination number and contact surface area than the samples of poorly sorted and lower spherical and rounded grains. Among the poorly sorted samples, coordination number is largely dependent on the fraction of larger grain sizes present in the sample. Inside any given sample, grains of lower sphericity tend to have higher coordination numbers. Moreover, more spherical and rounded grains have greater contact surface area with their neighbours.     

Reduction of local scour at river conf luences using a collar

River confluences (RCs) are important features within river systems where the three dimensional (3D) flow structures and the downstream mixing of flows can cause deep scour holes. Despite this, few methods have been proposed to control scouring at RCs. In this study, application of a collar was experimentally examined for local scour control at the point where two rivers flow together. In parti-cular, experimental tests were done with and without collar application at three different locations. The results reveal that the scour depth is directly proportional to the discharge ratio, i.e. the ratio of lateral discharge to that in the channel downstream of the confluence, and the densimetric Froude number (Frg). In addition, installation of a collar at RCs can decrease the scour depth up to 100%, thus completely avoiding the scour process. The results also show that by increasing the Frg the optimal installation location for a collar changes and moves towards the river bed level. Using a collar can also reduce the height of the point bar formed downstream of the confluence. The outcomes of the study allow deri-vation of an equation for predicting scour depth when a collar is applied as a countermeasure. The analysis of this equation shows that the estimates are mostly affected by the Frg.     

合肥市近50年最高气温变化特征

利用合肥市1953～2005年逐日最高气温资料,采用滑动t检验等统计方法,分析了合肥市平均最高气温、高温日数和高温出现初终日的变化特征.结果表明:合肥市近50年来平均最高气温呈"上升-下降-上升"的趋势,并且平均最高气温在1968和1988年附近发生了突变.合肥市高温日数也呈"增多-减少-增多"的趋势.但年累计高温日数没有很明显的突变;高温日5～9月都有出现,其中7月出现的次数最多,占总日数的49.7%,8月次之.占40.5%.合肥市高温持续的时间经历了由长变短再变长的过程,20世纪80年初期最短.     

低弗劳德数水流二级消力池水力特性试验研究

针对低弗劳德数水流消能问题,在确定单级消力池和二级消力池体型的基础上,采用物理模型试验方法,分别研究了低弗劳德数水流单级和二级消力池的水力特性和消能结构特性。结果表明,在低弗劳德数水流条件下,二级消力池将原单级消力池出池水面较大波动区变成了适应区,对下游尾水位的适应区间显著增加,出池水面波动更小。同时,单级消力池内流线更加稀疏,流速梯度更小;消力池涡量大小明显低于二级消力池,而雷诺应力明显大于二级消力池;二级消力池内雷诺应力大小分区较单级消力池更明显,表面旋滚区明显大于底部旋滚区,水流更加稳定。相比单级消力池,二级消力池消能率显著提高,且有利于下游河床和岸边的防冲保护,工程应用更为有利。     

Accuracy of the kinematic wave and diffusion wave approximations for time-independent flows with infiltration included

Errors in the kinematic wave and diffusion wave approximation for time-independent (or steady-state) cases of channel flow with infiltration were derived for three types of boundary conditions: zero flow at the upstream end, and critical flow depth and zero depth gradient at the downstream end. The diffusion wave approximation was found to be in excellent agreement with the dynamic wave approximation, with errors of less than 1·4% for KF²₀≥7·5, and up to 14% for KF²₀≤0·75 for the upstream boundary condition of zero discharge and finite depth, where K is the kinematic wave number and F₀ is the Froude number. The kinematic wave approximation was reasonably accurate except at the channel boundaries and for small values of KF²₀ (≤1). The accuracy of these approximations was significantly influenced by the downstream boundary, both in terms of the magnitude of the error and the segment of the channel reach for which these approximations would be applicable. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

底拖网渔具的采样设计对三疣梭子蟹资源量指数估算的影响

在渔业资源调查中,采样方案直接影响资源量估算的准确性,对采样方案进行优化可以提高调查数据的质量。基于2007年使用单拖网渔船在长江口——杭州湾及其邻近海域调查获得的数据,模拟出该海域三疣梭子蟹的资源数量及各季节的分布情况,作为“真值”,模拟计算不同采样方案调查获得的三疣梭子蟹资源量并与“真值”进行比较,评估不同方案的采样效果。本文利用计算机模拟了定点采样、简单随机采样、分层定点采样和分层随机采样四种采样方法,其中,定点采样和简单随机采样分别设置了9个、16个和24个采样站位,分层定点采样和分层随机采样设置了16个采样站位。三疣梭子蟹对拖网渔具的反应距离受年龄、季节和底质等条件的影响,因此,设置了1.5m,3m和5m三种反应距离。结果表明：分层采样设计优于不分层采样,简单随机采样优于定点采样。模拟结果的准确度随着采样站位数量的增加而提高,例如,定点采样方案中,9个站位时相对估算误差（REE）的最大值为163.43%,最小值为49.40%,而24个站位时REE的最大值和最小值分别是38.62%和4.15%。随着反应距离的增加,REE值和相对偏差的绝对值（RAB）逐渐降低。三疣梭子蟹的资源密集区和资源密度方差大的季节对模拟结果具有显著影响,因此,掌握该区域的资源密度情况或者进行预调查都能使采样设计方案更加合理。本研究可为底拖网渔具对三疣梭子蟹及其他物种的采样设计提供参考。     

Spatial and seasonal variations in the ecological characteristics of the free-living nematode assemblages in a large microtidal estuary

This study has determined the ways in which the density, number of species, species composition and trophic structure of free-living nematode assemblages in the subtidal waters of a large southern hemisphere microtidal estuary change spatially and seasonally, and has explored whether those four biotic characteristics are related to certain environmental factors. Based on data derived from samples collected seasonally at 12 sites throughout the estuary, the densities and number of species of nematodes decreased progressively with distance from estuary mouth, to reach a minimum at sites where salinities were most variable, and then increased slightly in the uppermost part of the estuary where salinities were least. Densities were also generally greatest in spring, due largely to increases in the abundance of epistrate-grazing species at this time and thus when the amount of primary food (microphytobenthos) peaked. The spatial distribution of the composition of the nematode assemblages was closely correlated with salinity and, to a lesser extent, grain-size composition and amount of particulate organic material (%POM) in the sediment. Although species composition changed sequentially along the estuary, the change was particularly pronounced between sites above and below the area where salinities started to decline markedly and become more variable and %POM increased markedly. This reflected, in particular, far greater abundances of Spirinia parasitifera at the six downstream sites and of Theristus sp. 1 at the six sites further upstream. Species composition underwent pronounced seasonal cyclical changes at all sites, presumably reflecting interspecific differences in the timing of peak reproduction and thus of recruitment. The trophic structure of the nematode assemblages changed both spatially and temporally in relation to the relative abundance of different food sources. Thus, for example, non-selective deposit feeders, such as Theristus sp. 1, dominated samples in the upper estuary, where %POM was by far the greatest, and was rare or absent at downstream sites. Conversely, epistrate grazers, such as species of the Chromadoridae, were most abundant at downstream sites in spring, when the density of the microphytobenthos reached its maximum.