Analysis of the anomalous strength and location of the ITCZ affecting the formation of northern Pacific typhoons

Using the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis dataset from 1959-2004, the location and strength of the ITCZ (Inter-Tropical Con-vergence Zone), as well as their relations with typhoons in the northwestern Pacific were studied. It was found that the pentad loca-tion and strength of the ITCZ had close relations with the typhoon frequency. Higher latitude location or strengthened ITCZ were found to be favorable for the occurrence of typhoons over the Northwestern Pacific. An index was defined for ascertaining the loca-tion of the ITCZ. It was found that the index defined with the maximum value ofpentad and monthly meridional shear of zonal wind speed could better describe the location of ITCZ than another index defined with the maximum value of convergence. Correlation analysis between the index of ITCZ and the maximum cloud cover in the tropics showed that there were close relations between the ITCZ determined by the index and the maximum tropical cloud belt. The strength index of an ITCZ was defined as the zonal wind speed difference at latitudes south and north of the ITCZ. It was found that there are close relations between the ITCZ intensity and typhoon occurrence in the South China Sea [10°N-20°N, 100°E-120°E] and regions east of the Philippines and near the Mariana Islands [5°N-20°N, 127.5°E-150°E].     

2018年盛夏副热带高压极端偏北的原因分析

2018年盛夏辽宁的阶段性高温与副热带高压(简称“副高”)的极端偏北有关,利用1981—2018年NCEP/NCAR再分析资料、ECMWF再分析资料和中国地面气候资料日值数据集(V3.0),主要以候的时间尺度,从大气环流异常的形成及其原因进行分析,解释了2018年盛夏副高极端偏北的原因及影响机制。结果表明：影响副高位置偏北的因素主要有三方面。一是来自欧洲上空的高压脊发展并东移,与副高断裂开的一支结合,使得副高北移;二是南半球冷空气活动,导致向北的越赤道气流加强,从而造成赤道辐合带(intertropical convergence zone,ITCZ)北移,进一步引起副高北移;三是由于青藏高原东部感热增强,其上升气流经由一候到两候的时间在辽宁和渤海地区下沉。三方面因素的共同影响造成了副高位置的极端偏北。     

热带气旋发生、发展的不稳定理论

本文在正压无辐散的条件下,讨论了东、西风不连续面上的正压不稳定性。研究指出:这种界面上的扰动总是不稳定的,从而说明了热带气旋常在赤道辐合带(ITCZ)上形成的原因。本文又在考虑了热带气旋内部的层结和基本气流的条件下,讨论了热带气旋发展的热力学和动力学条件。研究指出:层结稳定度和惯性稳定度同时影响热带气旋的发展.当两者都稳定时,热带气旋不发展;当两者之一不稳定时,热带气旋有可能发展;当n~2I~2 (μ~2/a)~2N~2<0时,热带气旋一定发展。     

Integrated marine and terrestrial evidence for abrupt Congo River palaeodischarge fluctuations during the last deglaciation

We present a high‐resolution reconstruction of tropical palaeoenvironmental changes for the last deglacial transition (18 to 9 cal. kyr BP) based on integrated oceanic and terrestrial proxies from a Congo fan core. Pollen, grass cuticle, Pediastrum and dinoflagellate cyst fluxes, sedimentation rates and planktonic foraminiferal δ¹⁸O ratios, u₃₇^K′ sea‐surface temperature and alkane/alkenone ratio data highlight a series of abrupt changes in Congo River palaeodischarge. A major discharge pulse is registered at around 13.0 cal. kyr BP which we attribute to latitudinal migration of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) during deglaciation. The data indicate abrupt and short‐lived changes in the equatorial precipitation regime within a system of monsoonal dynamics forced by precessional cycles. The phases of enhanced Congo discharge stimulated river‐induced upwelling and enhanced productivity in the adjacent ocean. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

北太平洋热带辐合带区上升运动的季节和年际变化特征

本文利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料研究北太平洋热带辐合带区上升运动(ITCZω)强度和位置的垂直结构及其季节和年际变化。结果表明,气候平均态下西(东)ITCZω在高(低)层最强,低(高)层最弱,其位置随高度不变(偏北)。西ITCZω在8月最强,9月位置最北,2月最弱,位置最南;东ITCZω在8、9月最强,9月最北,2、3月最弱,位置最南,但中、高层的ω在11月也很弱。ITCZω强度最强(弱)的时间一般与位置的快速北跳(快速南撤)的时间相对应,并且有位置变化超前强度变化的表现。通过对ω气候值和异常值的经验正交函数分解,发现气候值EOF第一模态能很好的反映ITCZω的基本气候状态,具有准半年周期,第二模态反映了ITCZω的季节变化特征;异常值EOF第一模态空间场呈现东西反位相的特征,时间序列的功率谱分析最明显的周期为4.8 a。西ITCZω强度在厄尔尼诺年偏弱,拉尼娜年偏强;东ITCZω位置在厄尔尼诺年偏南,拉尼娜年位置则偏北。总体上ENSO事件对东ITCZω位置影响较大,而对西ITCZω强度影响较大。     

2003年淮河洪涝与西太副高异常及成因的关系

分析了2003年夏季西太平洋副热带高压的异常特征,结果表明,副高总体偏强、偏西,长时间在24 °N南北2个纬距范围内摆动,导致淮河流域30多天的连续强降水.并对2003年淮河洪涝与西太副高异常及其成因作了初步分析:(1) 南半球中高纬的冷空气活动、90 °E附近越赤道气流偏弱和赤道辐合带偏弱、偏南是造成淮河流域雨带稳定和降水集中的重要原因;(2) 6月下旬～7月上旬亚洲极涡偏强和冷空气活动可能是淮河流域出现强降水又是副高位置变化的主要影响因子;(3) 由高低空急流耦合在淮河流域产生持久的上升运动是淮河流域强降水的主要物理机制;(4) 地表潜热释放是使副高加强和维持的主要热力因子之一.     

Assessing the Stability of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation of the Past, Present, and Future

This paper is a review of the recent development of researches on the stability of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation （AMOC）. In particular, we will review recent studies that attempt to best assess the stability of the AMOC in the past, present, and future by using a stability indicator related to the freshwater transport by the AMOC. These studies further illustrate a potentially systematic bias in the state-of-the-art atmosphere-ocean generM circulation models （AOCCMs）, in which the AMOCs seem to be over-stabilized relative to that in the real world. This common model bias in the AMOC stability is contributed, partly, to a common tropical bias associated with the double intertropical convergence zone （ITCZ） in most state-of-the- art AOGCMs, casting doubts on future projection of abrupt climate changes in these climate models.     

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN GLOBAL WARMING AND THE VARIATION IN TROPICAL CYCLONE FREQUENCY OVER THE WESTERN NORTH PACIFIC

The relationship between global warming and the variation in tropical cyclone (TC) genesis frequency is analyzed using the data of the Tropical Cyclone Year Book by the China Meteorological Administration and the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) reanalysis data from 1949 to 2007. The observational results indicate that the average sea surface temperature (SST) in the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) region (10°N – 20°N, 100°E – 140°E) increases by 0.6°C against the background of global warming, while the frequency of tropical cyclone geneses in this region decreases significantly. Generally, the rise of SSTs is favorable for the genesis of tropical cyclones, but it is now shown to be contrary to the normal effect. Most of the tropical cyclones in the western North Pacific (WNP) are generated in the ITCZ. This is quite different from the case in the Atlantic basin in which the tropical cyclones are mostly generated from the easterly wave. Our research results demonstrate that the ITCZ has a weakening trend in strength, and it has moved much more equatorward in the past 40 years; both are disadvantageous to the formation of tropical cyclones. Furthermore, our study also found that the ridge of the subtropical high tends to shift slightly equatorward, which is another adverse mechanism for the formation of tropical cyclones.     

华北夏季降雨与热带对流活动的关系

文中设计了热带辐合带综合指数 ,较客观地反映了亚洲季风区深对流活动的气候变化特征。用热带辐合带综合指数分析华北旱涝年季风区对流活动特征 ,结果表明旱涝年对流活动有明显的差异 ,尤其春季东亚和印度季风区的热带辐合带综合指数差异非常显著 ,为华北夏季旱涝预测提供了新的参考依据。     

长江下游酷暑与冷夏的分析

长江下游的酷暑与冷夏是旱涝以外的另一种重要灾害性天气,本文以南京为代表,确定了长江下游酷暑年和冷夏年的三条标准。盛夏(7—8月)温度主要决定于7月平均温度T,并与副热带高压和中高纬度的冷空气活动以及印度季风低压—ITCZ有关。在酷暑年,印度低压更为频繁而强烈,位置略偏南;副热带高压较强,且直接控制江淮流域。100hPa青藏高压明显偏强,位置偏北偏东;青藏高原上常有500hPa暖中心东移。冷夏年三种成因:一是冷空气较强,梅雨明显而持久;二是ITCZ和热带系统强而活跃,盛夏频繁影响长江流域;三是以上两种天气系统的影响,形成混合型冷夏。