Geochemical baseline of trace elements in the sediment in Dexing area,South China

A baseline might be used as a point of reference to monitor change from some specific data without concern for whether the baseline determination is natural or has been changed by human activity. We selected 326 sediment samples from Dexing area, South China, and analyzed for 17 chemical elements. The geochemical baseline was predicted with the method of the normalization procedure combined with the relative cumulative frequency curve. The results indicate Al was the best reference element for the normalization procedure among four potential reference elements (Al, Fe, Ti, and Mn). The baseline value range obtained from the normalization procedure method included both the regional geochemical background of the sediment and the median value of the measured contents. The median value of baselines obtained from relative cumulative frequency method was lower than that obtained from normalization procedure method. In contrast to the geochemical patterns of heavy metals in 1987, the spatial distribution of anomalies sprawled in 2004 in study area, especially for Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, As, Fe, and Cr.     

农业系统论与农业结构调整

新一轮农业结构调整是一种战略性调整,面临着巨大的压力。目前的农业结构调整存在很多误区,要求用新的思维方式进行思考。文章阐述了农业系统论,分析了农业的结构和功能,重点从8个方面探讨农业结构调整的新思路,阐述了农业系统论和农业结构调整的关系,对新一轮农业结构调整有一定的现实意义。     

高精度大幅面图纸分块扫描拼接技术研究

针对当前大幅面图纸分块扫描拼接中存在的问题,提出一种基于改正扫描仪误差的大幅图纸整体平差的拼接方法.该方法通过平移黑白相间的格网板建立扫描仪的误差模型,同时利用少量的控制点及连接点,然后通过整体平差来直接解求各扫描图像块的几何变换参数.实践证明这种方法具有拼接精度高、速度快以及可不限图幅大小等优点.     

空间网与地面网联合平差数据处理方法注

针对联合平差数十万个观测值 ,近 2 0万个未知数来说 ,如何有效地组织数据 ,管理数据 ,最大限度地压缩内存是联合平差数据处理的关键。本文主要讨论联合平差数据处理中的主要函数模型和随机模型、大规模稀疏矩阵有效的解算方法并用软件加以实现。作为实例用此软件对小范围的实验区数据进行平差 ,对其解算结果进行了分析     

GPS网平差观测量选取的理论分析

由多台GPS接收机在不同时段进行静态观测而组成的观测网形,当采用高精度的科研软件与常用商用软件解算基线时,其基线向量的方差阵不同,前者的方差阵结构是完全的、严密的。同时,在进行GPS网平差时,选取GPS基线的方式及数量的不同,构造的网形也就不同,采用不同的数学模型其得到的平差结果和精度指标也不相同。文章先从理论上进行分析,后用示例进行比较论证。     

基于性能的碳纤维抗震加固设计

本文探讨了基于性能的加固设计的基本思路和设计过程,并给出了一个基于性能的碳纤维加固设计的工程实例,采用pushover静力推覆分析的方法分析对比了结构加固前后的性能,表明原结构的抗震性能不足,经碳纤维加固后的结构抗震性能明显提高,满足8度抗震设防烈度要求。     

大跨预应力混凝土框架结构的静力弹塑性(pushover)分析

基于美国规范ATC-40和N2方法,建立了大跨预应力混凝土框架结构竖向地震反应的静力弹塑性(pushover)分析方法。编制了预应力混凝土构件截面弯矩-曲率的计算程序。这些为评价大跨预应力混凝土框架结构的竖向抗震能力提供了有益的参考。结合具体工程实例进一步说明了该方法的实施步骤。     

A voluntary reduction in the commercial catch of rock lobster (Jasus edwardsii) in a New Zealand fishery

We describe the development and application of a management procedure (decision rule) that resulted in a voluntary reduction in the commercial catch of spiny rock lobster (Jasus edwardsii) in the lower east coast of North Island of New Zealand. The management procedure was developed from an accepted assessment of the CRA 4 (Wellington‐Hawke's Bay) fishery, which used an integrated length‐based assessment model fitted to commercial fishery catch‐per‐unit‐effort (CPUE) biomass indices, commercial length‐frequency data, and tag‐recapture data. The assessment model had been Bayesian, and used the joint posterior distribution of parameters to predict the effect of 384 alternative harvest control rules on the future size of the CRA 4 stock. The harvest control rules all used CPUE as their input, and generated annual changes in catch, which were then simulated by the population dynamics of the operating model. Uncertainty was added to evaluations through observation error, added to the simulated CPUE observations, and stochastic serial auto‐correlation variation in recruitment. We describe how this management procedure was used to effect a voluntary reduction in catch to address the problem of a rapidly declining population.     

Marine protected areas in Australia: Towards a coordinated rock lobster industry position

Plans by government to accelerate the establishment of a national representative system of marine protected areas (NRSMPAs) in Australia have caused increasing disquiet within the fishing industry. Rock lobster fishers have raised concerns regarding plans to establish large “multiple‐use” MPAs that may or may not contain a substantial no‐take component in the continental shelf waters adjacent to the coast. Key industry concerns including the potential impacts on present and future harvest rates are examined. The industry response to government MPA policy in each of the major jurisdictions is outlined. An industry position developed at the National Rock Lobster Congress in Perth, Western Australia (September 2003) is put forward. The position advocates the need for an adjustment scheme to account for displaced effort, the need for government commitment to the development of management plans that include the long‐term monitoring of all MPAs, and the need for a thorough risk assessment process to be conducted before the establishment of an MPA. The issues raised in this paper should be relevant to the establishment of MPAs in an international context.     

基于昼夜温差序列非均一性的高空温度订正

利用中国东部地区75个高空探测站1958－2005年逐日08：00和20：00资料和元数据信息,采用昼夜温度对比和二相线性回归方法,对不同等压面的温度序列进行均一性检测和订正。在此基础上,以最大缺测率30 %作为序列取舍标准,对49个探空站订正前后的年平均温度变化趋势进行了对比分析。结果表明：探空仪器变化和辐射订正方法改变是造成中国东部地区高空温度序列非均一性的主要原因,1966年前后和2000年前后是两个较为可靠的间断点,且1966年前后的非均一性更突出。非均一性最明显的等压面主要在100 hPa。1958－2005年,500 hPa以下等压面温度的上升趋势较订正前减弱,但200 hPa到50 hPa等压面温度的下降趋势也被削弱,削弱幅度为0.04－0.08 ℃/10 a。与1958－2005年相比,1979年以来东部地区对流层各层温度增温趋势明显,而平流层底层降温趋势也更加显著,该时段内订正前后温度变化趋势差异较小。