Correspondence between the large volcanic eruptions and ENSO events over AD 1525–2000

ENSO is an interannual mode which may be affected by external forcing, such as volcanic eruptions. Based on the reconstructed volcanic eruptions chronology and ENSO sequences, both 195 large volcanic eruptions(VEI≥4) and 398 ENSO(El Ni?o and La Ni?a) events were extracted from 1525 to 2000. An analysis of the correspondence between the large volcanic eruptions and ENSO events was performed by matching the large volcanic eruptions with the types and magnitudes of ENSO events present in the 0–2 years after the eruptions. The results show the following:(1) The percentages of ENSO events within the 3 years after the large eruptions had increased to 68.3% from 31.7% compared with those with no-eruptions in the previous 0–2 years. In addition, the ratio of El Ni?o to La Ni?a events turned from 2:3 to 1:1, and more El Ni?o events occurred in the 0 year after eruptions in the low-latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere and in the tropics but more La Ni?a events occurred in the 0 year after in the high-latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere and the Southern Hemisphere.(2) After the eruptions, the weak(W) El Ni?o events had increased by 8 percentage points and the very strong(VS) El Ni?o events had decreased by 10 percentage points; conversely, there was a decrease by 15 percentage points of the weak La Ni?a events and an increase by 11.4 percentage points of the very strong La Ni?a events. Specifically, the percentages of strong La Ni?a events increased to a peak at 1(+1) year after the eruptions.(3) The percentage of eruptions followed by single-year ENSO was the greatest. The percentage of ENSO events that occurred in the consecutive 2 years following an eruption was approximately equal to the percentage of events that occurred consecutively 3 years following an eruption, and both sets of ENSO magnitudes showed a decreasing trend.     

塔里木盆地早二叠世岩浆特征及其对油气成藏关系初探

塔里木盆地早二叠世裂谷盆地阶段有一次强烈的岩浆活动,主要为玄武岩—中酸性凝灰岩喷发和大规模基性岩墙群的侵入,玄武岩K-Ar法同位素年龄为241~278Ma,而辉长岩的Sm-Nd法年龄为259Ma。火山活动产生的能量使得塔里木盆地内的寒武系—奥陶系烃源岩大量生烃并运移,自生伊利石K-Ar年龄测定数据显示哈得4石炭系油藏、塔中4CⅢ油藏油气充注时间为224~275Ma,与上述火成岩的活动时间相当。东河砂岩,一套深埋的优质储层,其形成的原因可能是二叠纪末油气的注入并导致其后期深埋时只有机械压实而无其他成岩作用的缘故。     

Effects of ocean acidification and high temperatures on the bryozoan Myriapora truncata at natural CO2 vents

There are serious concerns that ocean acidification will combine with the effects of global warming to cause major shifts in marine ecosystems, but there is a lack of field data on the combined ecological effects of these changes due to the difficulty of creating large‐scale, long‐term exposures to elevated CO₂ and temperature. Here we report the first coastal transplant experiment designed to investigate the effects of naturally acidified seawater on the rates of net calcification and dissolution of the branched calcitic bryozoan Myriapora truncata (Pallas, 1766). Colonies were transplanted to normal (pH 8.1), high (mean pH 7.66, minimum value 7.33) and extremely high CO₂ conditions (mean pH 7.43, minimum value 6.83) at gas vents off Ischia Island (Tyrrhenian Sea, Italy). The net calcification rates of live colonies and the dissolution rates of dead colonies were estimated by weighing after 45 days (May–June 2008) and after 128 days (July–October) to examine the hypothesis that high CO₂ levels affect bryozoan growth and survival differently during moderate and warm water conditions. In the first observation period, seawater temperatures ranged from 19 to 24 °C; dead M. truncata colonies dissolved at high CO₂ levels (pH 7.66), whereas live specimens maintained the same net calcification rate as those growing at normal pH. In extremely high CO₂ conditions (mean pH 7.43), the live bryozoans calcified significantly less than those at normal pH. Therefore, established colonies of M. truncata seem well able to withstand the levels of ocean acidification predicted in the next 200 years, possibly because the soft tissues protect the skeleton from an external decrease in pH. However, during the second period of observation a prolonged period of high seawater temperatures (25–28 °C) halted calcification both in controls and at high CO₂, and all transplants died when high temperatures were combined with extremely high CO₂ levels. Clearly, attempts to predict the future response of organisms to ocean acidification need to consider the effects of concurrent changes such as the Mediterranean trend for increased summer temperatures in surface waters. Although M. truncata was resilient to short‐term exposure to high levels of ocean acidification at normal temperatures, our field transplants showed that its ability to calcify at higher temperatures was compromised, adding it to the growing list of species now potentially threatened by global warming.     

Distribution and characteristics of volcanic reservoirs in China

About forty productive oil/gas fields hosted in volcanic reservoirs have been found since 1957 in fourteen basins of China. They can be simply subdivided into two groups, the east and the west. Reservoir volcanic rocks of the east group are predominantly composed of Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous rhyolite and Tertiary basalt, preferred being considered as rift type volcanics developed in the circum-Pacific tectonic regime. Those of the west are Permo-Carboniferous intermediate/basic volcanic rocks, being island-arc type ones developed in paleo-Asian Ocean tectonic regime.     

Distribution and characteristics of volcanic reservoirs in China

About forty productive oil/gas fields hosted in volcanic reservoirs have been found since 1957 in fourteen basins of China. They can be simply subdivided into two groups, the east and the west. Reservoir volcanic rocks of the east group are predominantly composed of Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous rhyolite and Tertiary basalt, preferred being considered as rift type volcanics developed in the circum-Pacific tectonic regime. Those of the west are Permo-Carboniferous intermediate/basic volcanic rocks, being island-arc type ones developed in paleo-Asian Ocean tectonic regime.     

北祁连东段红土堡基性火山岩锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年代学及其地质意义

为精确限定红土堡基性火山岩的形成时代,结合阴极发光分析,分别对北祁连东段红土堡枕状玄武岩和辉绿岩墙进行了LA - ICP - MS 单颗粒锆石微区U - Pb 同位素测年。红土堡枕状玄武岩获得（443.4 ±1.7 ）Ma 和（1 782 ±34 ）Ma 两组年龄值;同时,获得红土堡基性火山岩中辉绿岩墙的年龄为（385.7 ±7.9 ）Ma,并含有（1 697 ±6 ） ～（2 692 ±4 ）Ma 的捕晶锆石年龄信息。认为红土堡基性火山岩的形成时代为晚奥陶世,与其北的陈家河中酸性火山岩的形成时代大体一致,推断红土堡基性火山岩的原始岩浆不同程度遭受了陇山岩群的混染。这一新资料,对进一步研究北祁连造山带东段大地构造格局、构造演化以及北秦岭—北祁连衔接关系具有重要意义。     

Crustal structure of the Ordovician Macquarie Arc,Eastern Lachlan Orogen,based on seismic‐reflection profiling

In the Eastern Lachlan Orogen, the mineralised Molong and Junee‐Narromine Volcanic Belts are two structural belts that once formed part of the Ordovician Macquarie Arc, but are now separated by younger Silurian‐Devonian strata as well as by Ordovician quartz‐rich turbidites. Interpretation of deep seismic reflection and refraction data across and along these belts provides answers to some of the key questions in understanding the evolution of the Eastern Lachlan Orogen—the relationship between coeval Ordovician volcanics and quartz‐rich turbidites, and the relationship between separate belts of Ordovician volcanics and the intervening strata. In particular, the data provide evidence for major thrust juxtaposition of the arc rocks and Ordovician quartz‐rich turbidites, with Wagga Belt rocks thrust eastward over the arc rocks of the Junee‐Narromine Volcanic Belt, and the Adaminaby Group thrust north over arc rocks in the southern part of the Molong Volcanic Belt. The seismic data also provide evidence for regional contraction, especially for crustal‐scale deformation in the western part of the Junee‐Narromine Volcanic Belt. The data further suggest that this belt and the Ordovician quartz‐rich turbidites to the east (Kirribilli Formation) were together thrust over ?Cambrian‐Ordovician rocks of the Jindalee Group and associated rocks along west‐dipping inferred faults that belong to a set that characterises the middle crust of the Eastern Lachlan Orogen. The Macquarie Arc was subsequently rifted apart in the Silurian‐Devonian, with Ordovician volcanics preserved under the younger troughs and shelves (e.g. Hill End Trough). The Molong Volcanic Belt, in particular, was reworked by major down‐to‐the‐east normal faults that were thrust‐reactivated with younger‐on‐older geometries in the late Early ‐ Middle Devonian and again in the Carboniferous.     

岩浆密度及其重要意义

本文通过计算不同构造环境的原生玄武岩岩浆密度,首次提出了两种原生玄武岩浆密度类型:岛弧玄武岩浆(AB)密度类型(Ⅰ);WB MORB岩浆密度类型(Ⅱ)。指出Ⅰ型岩浆密度受控于岩浆起源的fO2和fH2O条件;Ⅱ型岩浆密度则与岩浆起源压力有关。原生岩浆密度可作为判定岩浆产出的地球动力学背景的重要标志之一。考察岩浆密度与压力的关系,指出原生玄武岩浆密度在一定程度上控制了岩浆房的发育部位(深度),制约了岩浆结晶的温压条件,并对岩浆侵位与喷发产生重要影响。在岛弧地区,岩浆密度与地壳厚度变化严格地控制着岛弧岩石系列(Tb-CA-Sh)的时空演变,决定了岩浆的演化途径和结晶条件。利用岩浆密度资料,反演并建立了义敦岛弧区的地壳双层结构模式。     

福建省东部火山岩地区银矿成矿地质条件及找矿方向

通过对该区银矿床地质特征、成矿地质条件和成矿规律的研究，将区内银矿按成因、成矿作用、矿床地质特征等划分为三类六型。指出了火山－次火山热液型银矿是本区银矿的重要类型。总结了银矿的找矿标志，提出了本区银矿的主攻类型和主攻地区。     

福建上杭盆地中生代火山岩首次发现开来石

在１：５万上杭幅重砂野外调查中，在上杭盆地中生代火山岩河系中首次发现开来石。经中国地质大学Ｘ光单晶粉晶分析、桂林有色金属地质研究所电子探针成分分析结果，均与国外有关文献中的开来石相一致。是我省首次发现的含砷稀土矿物。它为在该区中生代火山岩中寻找稀土资源提供新的线索。此外该矿物常与黄金、辰砂等相伴生，笔者初步认为可以根据伴生金的相关元素Ａｓ开来石组合寻找金，是本区很值得注意的一种寻找金的方法。