URBAN TRANSPORTATION PLANNING IN CALIFORNIA: AN EVALUATION

California's excellent road system has provided unmatched mobility for most of the state's residents. Recently, however, constraints on construction of high-capacity roads have threatened the future of unrestricted auto use. California's transportation planners have therefore shifted emphasis from expanding the transportation system to increasing its efficiency. No concomitant change has occurred, however, in state legislation or resource allocation. As a result, rather than being an integrated process, transportation planning and implementation are fragmented. This paper examines the origins and implications of this situation and possible remedies for it.     

1997—2017年塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地降水特征

利用塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地塔中气象站1997—2017年逐日和逐时降水资料,分析塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地降水日变化特征、极端强降水特征及其天气背景。结果表明：1997—2017年研究区降水量呈增加趋势、降水日数呈减少趋势,大雨雨量和雨日明显增加,降水呈增强演变。降水多见于6月,最大雨强为8.4 mm·h^-1。降水量日变化呈多峰特征,降水量最大值出现在23：00,06：00是降水频次最多时刻。降水强度和降水频次对降水量作用不同,午后至前半夜强度大,频次少;而后半夜至清晨频次多,强度小。降水以短历时降水为主,其中1～3 h的短历时降水对总降水量贡献率高达61.76%。日降水和小时降水的99百分位强度阈值分别为15.3 mm·d^-1和6.0 mm·h^-1,大于90百分位极端降水量占总降水量贡献率近半。极端强降水天气发生在南疆盆地受北纬40°以南低槽、切变槽或弱的气旋式风场控制地区,南疆盆地提前增湿,民丰850 hPa比湿接近或超过10 g·kg^-1的背景下,降水连续性较差,多中小尺度引发局地短时降水。     

Rainfall interception of typical ecosystems in the Heihe River Basin: Based on high temporal resolution soil moisture data

Journal of Geographical Sciences - Rainfall interception is of great significance to the fully utilization of rainfall in water limited areas. Until now, studies on rainfall partitioning process of...     

云南高原城市发展对降雨的影响——以楚雄市为例

分析了楚雄市1965-2010年的降雨特点,采用同时期城区(楚雄站)与郊区(南华站、双柏站)雨量横向对比和城市化发展不同时期同一站雨量纵向对比的方法,研究了城市化对年降雨量、季节雨量和不同类型降雨发生次数等的影响.通过研究发现:城市化发展对城市年雨量、汛期雨量有不同程度的增加作用;受城市化发展的影响,降雨年内分配集中雨季的趋势更加明显;城市化发展使不同类型降雨发生次数有增加或减少,对大雨和暴雨有增加作用,小雨和中雨有所减少.城市化发展使城市大雨和暴雨增多,所以要加强城市洪涝、滑坡和泥石流灾害的防治工作.     

The influence of rainfall and land use patterns on soil erosion in multi-scale watersheds: A case study in the hilly and gully area on the Loess Plateau,China

Soil erosion has become a major global environmental problem and is particularly acute on the Loess Plateau (LP), China. It is therefore highly important to control this process in order to improve ecosystems, protect ecological security, and maintain the harmonious relationship between humans and nature. We compared the effects of rainfall and land use (LU) patterns on soil erosion in different LP watersheds in this study in order to augment and improve soil erosion models. As most research on this theme has so far been focused on individual study areas, limited analyses of rainfall and LU patterns on soil erosion within different- scale watersheds has so far been performed, a discrepancy which might influence the simulation accuracies of soil erosion models. We therefore developed rainfall and LU pattern indices in this study using the soil erosion evaluation index as a reference and applied them to predict the extent of this process in different-scale watersheds, an approach which is likely to play a crucial role in enabling the comprehensive management of this phenomenon as well as the optimized design of LU patterns. The areas considered in this study included the Qingjian, Fenchuan, Yanhe, and Dali river watersheds. Results showed that the rainfall erosivity factor (R) tended to increase in these areas from 2006 to 2012, while the vegetation cover and management factor (C) tended to decrease. Results showed that as watershed area increased, the effect of rainfall pattern on soil erosion gradually decreased while patterns in LU trended in the opposite direction, as the relative proportion of woodland decreased and the different forms of steep slope vegetation cover became more homogenous. As watershed area increased, loose soil and craggy terrain properties led to additional gravitational erosion and enhanced the effects of both soil and topography.     

不同雨强对杉木和米槠林地表径流和可溶性有机碳的影响

采用径流小区法,对中亚热带地区的杉木人工林和米槠次生林在不同雨强下径流量和可溶性有机碳（DOC）流失浓度进行比较研究。结果表明：在小雨、中雨、大雨和暴雨4场降雨过程中,米槠次生林和杉木人工林的地表径流量和DOC流失浓度变化趋势一致,即降雨强度增加,地表径流量也随之增加。DOC浓度均呈现了随着雨强的增加而逐渐降低的趋势。说明降雨强度对径流量和DOC浓度均产生了较为明显的影响;米槠次生林和杉木人工林的地表径流量之间差异不显著,米槠次生林和杉木人工林的DOC流失浓度除大雨外均达到显著性水平差异（P〈0.05）,说明植被类型对地表径流量影响较小,对DOC浓度具有较明显的影响。     

文山州降雨侵蚀力时空分布规律浅析

降雨是导致土壤侵蚀的主要动力因素,降雨侵蚀力反映降雨引起土壤侵蚀的潜在能力。利用文山州内21个雨量代表站月降雨资料,估算文山州降雨侵蚀力,对该地区降雨侵蚀力的年内分布、年际变化特征和空间分布变化规律进行分析。结果表明：文山州降雨侵蚀力空间分布基本与降雨一致,山区为高值区,坝区为低值区;降雨侵蚀力主要集中在汛期（5～10月）,各月的差异大于降雨量的差异;文山州降雨侵蚀力长期变化为略减小趋势但不显著,年际变化较年降雨量年际变化显著。     

东亚夏季风推进过程的气候特征及其年代际变化

利用1951~2001年NECP的逐日再分析资料及中国东部366站1957~2000年逐日降水资料,提出东亚夏季风推进过程的定量指标,分析东亚夏季风推进过程的年代际变化。结果表明：标准降水指数为1.5的等值线较好反映了中国东部夏季雨带的南北移动,以及雨带推进过程中呈现的阶段性与突变性特征。东亚夏季风的推进过程具有显著年代际变化,与夏季风前沿位置有关的指标在20世纪60年代中期前后发生显著变化,与夏季风推进强度有关的指标则在70年代末出现突变。60年代中期前,南海夏季风的建立时间较迟,但北推较快,夏季风前沿到达华北地区时间较早,在华北地区维持时间长,夏季风的北界位置偏北,华北雨季、淮河梅雨明显。70年代末以后南海夏季风的建立时间较早,夏季风前沿附近南风强度明显偏弱,降水主要集中在长江流域及其以南地区,华北雨季不明显。     

云南省金沙江流域土壤流失方程研究

云南金沙江流域是长江中上游水土流失最严重的区域。本项研究以“通用土壤流失方程”(USLE)为蓝本,运用小区实验等手段,综合分析了各个侵蚀因子,建立了云南金沙江流域土壤流失方程A=R·K·LS·c·P,并确定了方程中诸因子的求算方法和数值,以及该流域土壤允许流失量,为方程的应用提供了基本的技术数据。同时,还进行了方程的检验,方程计算值与小区实测值的相对误差在6.3％以下,表明该方程在实际应用中是可靠的。该方程的建立,可为云南金沙江流域预测预报土壤侵蚀,制定土地合理利用规划方案、水土保持措施和土地生态安全格局提供了一套可靠的科学方法和依据。     

新一代天气雷达在泥石流灾害中的应用探讨

天气雷达的发展大致经历了4个阶段，其主要用于监测强对流天气、定量估计降水，是气象部门的重要探测和监测手段之一。新一代天气雷达观测的实时回波强度（Z）、径向风速（V）、速度谱宽（W）的回波图像中，提供了丰富的有关强对流天气的信息，综合使用Z、V、W的图像分析，有利于较准确和及时地监测灾害性天气。云南滑坡泥石流灾害高发区与云南暴雨中心有很好的对应关系，云南滑坡泥石流灾害空间分布与暴雨空间分布的空间相关系数为0．19，通过了0．05的显著性水平检验，也进一步说明云南暴雨在滑坡泥石流灾害发生中起着重要作用。以2004年7月5日德宏州特大山洪泥石流灾害为例子，探讨了新一代天气雷达在泥石流灾害的临阵预警中的应用。