Heat vulnerability and adaptation of low-income households in Germany

Heat waves associated with global warming are a significant hazard to human health, and they particularly endanger low-income households. In this study, we systematically analyze how the different components of heat vulnerability are related to household income, and present empirical evidence on the determinants of heat adaptation, focusing on the role of income. We contribute the first empirical analysis of heat vulnerability using household-level data at the national level, based on a longitudinal survey, including data points for 10,226 households in Germany in the period 2012–2020. Our results indicate that low income households are significantly more heat sensitive and have lower adaptive capacity than high income households, measured inter alia by health status, household composition, and economic and psychological resources to implement adaptation measures. However, heat hazard and exposure levels are comparable between income groups, hence there is no sorting of richer households into less hazardous or exposed locations on a national scale. We also contribute robust empirical evidence on the factors influencing household decisions to implement technical adaptation measures (e.g. installation of air conditioning), ultimately showing that the adaptation behavior of the most vulnerable households (e.g. people with poor health conditions or the elderly) is not limited by financial constraints.     

Algal interactions on shallow subtidal reefs in northern New Zealand: A review

In north‐eastern New Zealand, nearshore subtidal reefs are dominated by large brown algae of the orders Fucales and Laminariales. Species of the genera Carpophyllum, Sargasswn, and Landsburgia are the most conspicuous fucaleans, whereas Ecklonia radiata is the only common laminarian. Three categories of events affect the composition of stands of these algae: first, the competitive effects of adult canopies on recruitment to the substratum below; second, the seasonality of spore release and availability of free space; and third, the demographic characteristics of species and their influence on recruitment. Adult canopies suppress recruitment of all species. Both repro‐duction and recruitment are seasonal in occurrence and most recruits appear within a few metres of adults of their own species. A comparison of representative Fucales and Laminariales shows important differences in how these taxa colonise substrata. Propagules of fucaleans are larger at settlement and fewer in number than those of laminarians. Compared to laminarians, however, higher numbers of fucalean adults are generally required to form a closed canopy. The number of recruits and the survival of each life history stage are affected by the population structure of algal stands. The importance of the demographic characteristics of individual species in assessing these processes is highlighted.     

走向空间的人口学研究：西方空间人口学研究的回顾、评价与展望

空间是人口学研究的固有维度,20世纪50年代以来,西方学者已开始从空间视角探究人口问题。近年来,随着计算机技术和空间分析方法的提升,西方空间人口学研究发展迅速,逐渐走向成熟化与体系化,成为人口学研究的重要方向。我国人口学在空间维度上的分析虽然已有“胡焕庸线”等经典成果,但具体到空间人口学这一学科进展方面,仍需对空间人口学中的核心概念进行辨析,并阐述空间人口学与人口地理学的关系。本文首先简述西方空间人口学的起源、发展与演化,并从分异与隔离、生育与死亡、迁移与城镇化、区域人口预测、人口与环境等5大主题对跨世纪以来西方空间人口学研究进行梳理。此外,本文归纳了空间人口学研究的主要方法。最后,对空间人口学未来研究方向进行展望,并对国内空间人口学研究提出建议。     

Determinants of household food security in Nepal: A binary logistic regression analysis

The study reveals that 10.2% of the sampled households in Nepal suffer from chronic food insecurity,i.e.,neither are they able to produce sufficient food from their farms nor earn the food security threshold income for deficit months.With the highest and the lowest exponential value of coefficient obtained from binary logistic regression model,it is concluded that any program targeting occupational caste and small landholding farm category or landless will contribute significantly to reduce food-insecurity....     

The Social Geographies of Indigenous Population and Housing in Australia's Regional Urban Centres

In recent years, social scientists have turned increasing scholarly focus to the ‘post-colonial city’, as it relates to the lived experiences and socio-cultural worlds of urban-dwelling Indigenous peoples. In Australia, this literature is concerned primarily with issues of identity, power and representation in big cities. More conventional geographic analyses regarding socio-spatial, economic and demographic aspects of urban Indigenous experience have been mostly absent from this discourse. In this paper, we begin to address this gap within the literature by identifying notable socio-spatial, economic, and demographic features of urban Indigenous experience in regional Australian cities. We draw on census and administrative data to empirically examine Indigenous residency, presence, and uneven housing market access in regional urban centres. The analysis builds a national comparative picture regarding population change, tenure type, crowding and housing affordability in these localities. At the same time, it ‘drills down’ to explore some of the drivers and implications of change against these indicators in one case study locality: Geraldton Western Australian. This case study analysis, based on recent fieldwork, grounds the broad identified trends in a localised narrative, illuminating some of general and specific socio-economic and socio-spatial dynamics that shape urban life for Indigenous peoples in regional Australia and the implications of these dynamics for broader questions of co-existence between Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians.     

Sustainable Household Capability: which households are doing the work of environmental sustainability?

This paper presents a framework for analysing which households are doing ‘their bit’ for sustainability in an era of climate change, using a two-stage cluster analysis of sustainable household capabilities. The framework segments households by their reported level of commitment to ‘pro-sustainability’ practices common to conventional government policies. Results are presented from a large-scale survey of Wollongong households, New South Wales, Australia. Results illustrate the importance of approaching household sustainability through everyday practices. Attention is drawn to the wide variation in participation in specific household sustainability practices. Investigation into sustainable household capability by household segments shows the limits of even the most committed households. Results show the importance of socio-cultural contexts in differentiating sustainable household capabilities—with women, suburban-detached households and lower income segments of the population ultimately doing most of the work of being sustainable.     

The South's Slave Culture Transplanted to the Western Frontier

The Missouri Compromise of 1820 had a significant impact on northwest Missouri's settlement patterns. Missouri's slave state status attracted a higher number of southern pioneers than what would have normally been expected. These early settlers brought with them their entire cultural‐economic system—the production of hemp and tobacco with slave labor. Within the Platte region, the geographic distribution of these cultural variables is explained by pioneer origins. Those areas settled primarily by Upper Southerners possessed the greatest number of slaves and produced the most hemp and tobacco. The findings demonstrate that by 1850 the Upper South's slave culture had been transplanted to northwest Missouri's Platte region.     

北京延庆县西屯墓地汉至明清人骨的性别/年龄变化及规律

北京延庆县西屯墓地共出土人骨标本510例,性别明确者406例,鉴定率为79.6%,年龄段明确者446例,鉴定率87%。男性标本175例,女性标本231例,男女性比例为 0.75：1。 510例个体时代分属于汉、唐、魏晋、辽、北朝、明、明清和清。为研究该墓地人口变化规律,把墓地按时代顺序划分为三组：汉代组、北朝组和明清组,通过对三组样本的人口学分析得出以下结论：性别,汉代组至明清组性比例反映出一个由低到正常再到低的时代变化规律,具体各年龄段的性比例存在着相似性,即随着年龄段的递增,性比例也表现出增加的趋势;年龄,汉代组至明清组平均死亡年龄呈增长趋势。男性平均死亡年龄高于女性的现象,自汉代就已出现,并一直延续到明清,各年龄段死亡率3个时代组基本一致,只是汉代组死亡高峰期集中在壮年,北朝组和明清组则集中在中年,从而反映出随着时代的进步,古人的寿命表现出增加的规律。