"01·8"海南岛特大暴雨的分析与讨论

对2001年8月27日至9月1日海南岛受热带风暴"菲特"的各个阶段影响而出现的特大暴雨过程进行了分析,结果发现,这次特大降水是由"菲特"的特征、路径以及海南岛的地形等因素造成了降水分布的时空不均匀。     

广西特大暴雨的特征分析

对1971～2001年发生在广西的特大暴雨和特大暴雨天气过程的时空分布特征及其环流形势特点作一较系统的分析,得出广西特大暴雨的月际分布具有明显的"单峰型";多发区域在沿海地区;造成广西特大暴雨的影响系统主要是热带气旋或热带低压系统。     

Environmental transformation of the Bilbao estuary,N. Spain: microfaunal and geochemical proxies in the recent sedimentary record

The distribution and abundance of benthic foraminifera and a range of elements have been analysed in six long cores (up to 10 m long) from the Bilbao estuary, N. Spain, to document environmental transformation of this estuarine ecosystem and to determine sediment contamination levels. Three different environmental zones could be distinguished in the recent sedimentary record based on its microfaunal and geochemical contents. Initially, a pre-industrial zone containing very abundant and diverse foraminiferal assemblages together with baseline metal levels. Secondly, an older industrial zone exhibiting co-existence of abundant and diverse foraminiferal assemblages with high concentrations of metals. Finally, a younger industrial zone with extreme concentrations of metals and barren of indigenous foraminifera. This environmental transformation has been caused by the discharge of untreated domestic and industrial effluents during the last 150 years. The occurrence of foraminifera in the two industrial zones and along the estuary is not related to defined levels of metals, and this seems to confirm oxygen limitation as the key factor to explain complete estuarine defaunation during deposition of the younger industrial zone (period 1950-2000). Effectiveness of current regeneration schemes could be assessed using microfaunal and geochemical proxies as environmental quality indicators.     

Magnetic properties of soils from sites with different geological and environmental settings

Measurements of magnetic susceptibility of soils, reflecting magnetic enhancement of topsoils due to atmospherically deposited magnetic particles of industrial origin, are used recently in studies dealing with outlining polluted areas, as well as with approximate determination of soil contamination with heavy metals. One of the natural limitations of this method is magnetic enhancement of soils caused by weathering magnetically rich parent rock material. In this study we compare magnetic properties of soils from regions with different geological and environmental settings. Four areas in the Czech Republic and Austria were investigated, representing both magnetically rich and poor geology, as well as point-like and diffuse pollution sources. Topsoil and subsoil samples were investigated and the effect of geology and pollution was examined. Magnetic data including mass and volume magnetic susceptibility, frequency-dependent susceptibility, and main magnetic characteristics such as coercivity (Hc and Hcr) and magnetization (Ms and Mrs) parameters are compared with heavy metal contents. The aim of the paper is to assess the applicability of soil magnetometry under different geological-environmental conditions in terms of magnetic discrimination of dominant lithogenic/anthropogenic contributions to soil magnetic signature. Our results suggest that lithology represents the primary effect on soil magnetic properties. However, in case of significant atmospheric deposition of anthropogenic particles, this contribution can be clearly recognized, independent of the type of pollution source (point-like or diffuse), and discriminated from the lithogenic one. Different soil types apparently play no role. Possible effects of climate were not investigated in this study.     

“96·8”华北暴雨数值模拟与稳定性分析

分析1996年8月发生在华北地区的台风暴雨过程的环流形势，发现：副热带高压与台风低压之间的气压梯度很大，宽广的偏南急流源源不断地向北输送水汽和能量，而太行山一带正处于汇合区，构成十分有利的暴雨天气形势。应用MM5数值预报方法对1996年8月4—5日的降雨天气过程进行数值模拟，并依据天气学原理和位涡理论对此过程的稳定性进行分析认为：（1）MM5数值预报模式较好地模拟出了台风暴雨的物理过程。（2）此次降雨的不稳定层结有南高北低现象，同时有对称不稳定和对流不稳定存在；条件性对称不稳定可使环流加速，对降水有一定的增幅作用。     

引发湖南特大暴雨山洪的MCS回波发展和演变

由MCS引发的暴雨是造成湖南山洪地质灾害的主要因素之一.新一代天气雷达对此类天气系统有强的监测和预警能力,在对较大范围的降水估测、获取降水和降水云体的风场结构等方面有很好的应用前景.本文以2005年5月31日～6月1日湖南特大暴雨山洪过程为例,介绍了引发这次山洪地质灾害的MCS雷达回波的发展和演变,分析了回波特征与地面雨量的关系,总结了强对流发生、发展的径向速度变化,讨论了风廓线在预测强对流天气中的应用,为雷达监测、分析和预测同类灾害提供参考.     

云南冷锋切变型暴雨的中尺度特征分析

利用T106数值预报产品资料，通过中尺度滤波方法，提取云南冷锋切变型暴雨过程中的中尺度降水系统，对其有关物理量的特征及演变进行了分析。研究发现，通过中尺度滤波方法，可以从常规的数值预报产品资料中有效分离出直接导致暴雨的中尺度天气系统，通过对这些中尺度系统的分析及追踪，可以为暴雨预报提供更为客观的预报依据；水汽的强辐合时段与暴雨降落时段有较好的对应关系，暴雨落区比水汽的强辐合区域要稍偏向于水汽输送的下游方向；在该型暴雨的发生过程中，北部冷平流具有十分重要的作用，但南部暖平流的作用也不可忽视。     

跨区域人工影响暴雨强度的数值模拟Ⅰ:条件分析及增雨模拟

利用IAP三维云模式对2005年7月一次强暴雨过程上游的水汽通量进行了人工影响试验．模拟和分析发现，AgI播撒速率的选择对增雨效果影响较大，仅当播撒速率在0．07g／s以下时才有增雨效果；过冷云水发展到极大值时，以0．05g／s播撒AgI获得的增雨效果最好，播撒过程使得自然云内的冰晶和雪晶出现的时间提前，含量明显增加。     

2003年一次梅雨大暴雨成因的动力学研究

运用中尺度非静力模式MN5对2003年梅雨期一次大暴雨天气进行数值模拟，在降雨模拟基本正确的基础上分析暴雨发生原因。结果表明：该次梅雨大暴雨属于切变类暴雨，对流层低层有能量锋区、高层有惯性不稳定活动，暴雨区位于低空急流的左前方、高空急流的右前方。暴雨中心物理量要素的时间一高度演变显示：低层正涡度、辐合，高层负涡度、辐散，深厚的上升运动，等相当位温线抬升，湿位涡及其正、斜压分量3者负值加大均有利于降雨加强；暴雨减弱阶段，这些要素一般向相反方向转变。该次大暴雨的直接影响系统具有明显的中尺度时、空特点，大暴雨的发生与高层惯性不稳定和低层对流不稳定有关。     

2004年鲁西南两次台风低压暴雨过程对比分析

对2004年鲁西南两次台风影响造成的大~暴雨过程分析结果表明,西风槽作用下的降水,若有台风低压参与,系统均得以发展,雨势进一步加强。台风低压与西风槽结合及结合点位置,对鲁西南暴雨的形成均很重要。如副高强盛西进时,一般台风低压偏西,与西风槽结合点偏西;副高东退时,结合点一般偏东。