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我国环境空气质量时空分布特征分析

根据国家环保部PM2.5 IN网站公布的环境空气质量指数,和国家气象局提供的气象数据,利用GIS强大的数据处理功能、空间分析功能和可视化功能,对2013年全国各个城市的环境空气质量指数数据进行处理与分析。初步揭示了环境空气质量在季节上的周期性,与降水、气压、温度的相关性,以及AQI在地域上南低北高、在垂直方向上呈递减趋势,且随高度的增加,变化趋势逐渐减慢的空间格局。     

闽江口表层沉积物重金属分布及其潜在生态风险评价

为加强闽江流域的环境治理以及支撑闽江口重金属污染的管控工作,文章基于闽江口14个采样站位的实测数据,综合运用相关性分析、主成分分析和潜在生态风险指数等方法,系统评价闽江口表层沉积物重金属分布及其潜在生态风险。研究结果表明:闽江口表层沉积物重金属含量差异显著,除个别站位的锌和汞外,其他重金属含量均符合第一类海洋沉积物质量标准;影响铅分布的主要因素是工业排污,影响其他重金属元素分布的主要因素是有机质和沉积环境;闽江口表层沉积物重金属潜在生态风险的低风险程度和中风险程度占比分别为71.43%和28.57%,其中琅岐岛的东部和南部为中风险区,琅岐岛的北部和东北部以及川石水道外侧为低风险区;镉和汞为主要潜在生态风险重金属元素,达到较高风险程度,须加强风险监控。     

Response Surface Modeling of Cu(II) Removal from Electroplating Waste by Adsorption: Application of Box–Behnken Experimental Design

The use of kaolinite‐based clay minerals as a low‐cost natural adsorbent for the removal of Cu(II) from electroplating waste leachate was studied. Batch experiments were conducted to determine the effects of varying adsorbent loading, initial pH, adsorbent dosage, and contact time. Box–Behnken design with three variables like initial pH, adsorbent dosage, and contact time at three different levels was studied to identify a significant correlation between the effects of these variables to the amount of Cu(II) adsorbed. The methodology identifies the principal experimental variables, which have the greatest effect on the adsorption process. After optimizing the input variables by using Simplex algorithm, the adsorption of Cu(II) was maximal (99.9% with a maximum (positive) standard deviation of 9.4) at pH 6.24, adsorbent dosage of 0.83 g L^?1, and contact time of 97 min, respectively. Furthermore, the experimental values are in good agreement with predicted values, the correlation coefficient and adjusted correlation coefficients were found to be 0.96 and 0.87, respectively.     

Adsorption Kinetic and Equilibrium Studies on Removal of Lead(II) onto Glutamic Acid/Sepiolite

In this study, a modified method was used to increase the adsorption of lead ions from aqueous solutions by using modified clay mineral on the laboratory scale. Adsorption experiments have been carried out on the use of both thermal activated sepiolite (TAS) and their glutamate/sepiolite modification (GS) as adsorbents. The experimental data was analyzed using adsorption kinetic models (pseudo first‐ and second‐order equations). The pseudo second‐order kinetic model fitted well to the kinetic data (R² ≥ 0.99). Then, the Freundlich and Langmuir models were applied to describe the uptake of Pb(II) on GS and the Langmuir isotherm model agrees well with the equilibrium experimental data (R² ≥ 0.97). The maximum adsorption capacity was observed to be 128.205 mg/g by GS according to the Langmuir equation. Desorption efficiency of the GS was studied by the batch method using EDTA, HCl, and HNO₃ solutions. Desorption of 69.18, 74.55, and 80% of Pb(II) from GS was achieved with 0.1 M EDTA, 0.1 M HCl, and 0.1 M HNO₃ solutions, respectively. FTIR analysis suggests the importance of functional groups such as amino, hydroxyl, and carboxyl during Pb(II) removal. SEM observations demonstrated that an important interaction at the lead‐modified sepiolite interface occurred during the adsorption process. In addition, the thermodynamic constants was calculated that the values of the Gibbs free energy (ΔG*), enthalpy (ΔH*), and entropy (ΔS*) of modification were 86.79 kJ/mol, ?18.91 kJ/mol, and ?354.70 J/mol/K, respectively. The negative value of ΔH* shows exothermic nature of adsorption.     

Effects of Lime‐Based Waste Materials on Immobilization and Phytoavailability of Cadmium and Lead in Contaminated Soil

Low cost lime‐based waste materials have recently been used to immobilize metals in contaminated soils. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of oyster shells and eggshells as lime‐based waste materials on immobilization of cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) in contaminated soil, as well as their effects on metal availability to maize plants (Zea mays L.). Oyster shells and eggshells were applied to soils at 1 and 5% w/w, after which they were subject to 420 days of incubation. The toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) test was employed to determine the mobility of Cd and Pb in soils. The results showed that the addition of waste materials effectively reduced the metal mobility as indicated by the decrease in the concentration of TCLP‐extractable Cd and Pb, and this was mainly due to significant increases in soil pH (from 6.74 in untreated soil to 7.85–8.13 in treated soil). A sequential extraction indicated that the addition of such alkaline wastes induced a significant decline in the concentration of Cd in the exchangeable fraction (from 23.64% in untreated soil to 1.90–3.81% in treated soil), but it increased the concentration of Cd in the carbonate fraction (from 19.59% in untreated soil to 36.66–46.36% in treated soil). In the case of Pb, the exchangeable fraction was also reduced (from 0.67% in untreated soil to 0.00–0.01% in treated soil), and the fraction of Pb bound to carbonate was slightly increased (from 16.61% in untreated soil to 16.41–18.25% in treated soil). Phytoavailability tests indicated that the metal concentrations in the shoots of maize plant were reduced by 63.39–77.29% for Cd and by 47.34–75.95% for Pb in the amended soils, with no significant differences being observed for the amendment types and the application rates. Overall, these results indicate that oyster shells and eggshells can be used as low cost lime‐based amendments for immobilizing Cd and Pb in contaminated soils.     

Monitoring of Microbiological Attributes of Soil and Groundwater Exposed to Metal Industrial Effluents

The present paper evaluates the temporal and spatial impact of heavy metal containing (Cr, Zn, Cu, Ni, Cd and Fe) effluents of brass, electroplating and tannery industries on chemical and microbiological characteristics of affected soil and groundwater. Therefore, samples were drawn from three sites, S₁, S₂ and S₃, with a longitudinally distant from effluent drain of 20, 200 and 700 m, respectively. In general, the metals concentration exceeded the standard limits not only in the discharged effluents but also in the soil and groundwater. The significant reduction of microbial biomass C and N, soil respiration and microbial coefficient with increasing metal content from S₃ to S₁ was recorded, the effect being more pronounced in summer. However, the C_mic/N_mic ratio decreased whilst the metabolic quotient ($q_{{\rm CO}_{{\rm 2}} } $ ) increased with increasing metal concentration in soil. The content of Zn (11.5 mg/L) and Bacillus sp. was at maximum in groundwater of brass and electroplating industry site, whereas that of tannery site contained maximum Cr (2.34 mg/L) and Enterobacter sp. The toxic metals adversely polluted the groundwater which made it to harbours Escherichia coli beyond the prescribed limit. To check the soil and groundwater pollution, eco‐friendly measures involving improved effluent treatment technology and site‐specific application of treated effluent are recommended.     

产业空间绩效视角下上海临港重装备产业区发展研究

产业在空间上的落实将引起产业空间布局及其依托不同尺度空间内的空间要素改变,也即带来产业空间绩效的不同。本文尝试从企业空间分布、土地利用集约性、土地利用结构、就业人口空间移动等领域构建产业空间绩效的分析路径,以上海临港重装备产业区为例,分析了产业空间绩效的特征、机制,并提出了重装备产业区优化发展的建议。     

The Disappearance of Dense Fog in Los Angeles: Another Urban Impact?

Incidences of dense fog have been gradually disappearing from large cities around the world. In Los Angeles, the climate records show that dense fog may become another extinct specie. In the last 50 years, dense fog has been reduced by about half at two, busy, coastal Los Angeles airports. Not one, but two factors, can be seen as possible causes. Both the downtown Los Angeles urban heat island and the city's air pollution clean-up show a significant relationship to decreasing fog. This study correlates monthly and annual dense fog data recorded at Los Angeles International and Long Beach International airports since the 1950s with downtown Los Angeles temperature and particulate air pollution data. The El Niño—Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) values also explain interannual dense fog variability, with PDO showing a stronger relationship. Coastal sea surface temperatures also closely follow dense fog frequencies. Recent coastal cooling, since 1998, associated with a shift to the cool phase of PDO, has been associated with a rise in dense fog incidences.     

Oil viscosity limitation on dispersibility of crude oil under simulated at-sea conditions in a large wave tank

This study determined the limiting oil viscosity for chemical dispersion of oil spills under simulated sea conditions in the large outdoor wave tank at the US National Oil Spill Response Test Facility in New Jersey. Dispersant effectiveness tests were completed using crude oils with viscosities ranging from 67 to 40,100 cP at test temperature. Tests produced an effectiveness-viscosity curve with three phases when oil was treated with Corexit 9500 at a dispersant-to-oil ratio of 1:20. The oil viscosity that limited chemical dispersion under simulated at-sea conditions was in the range of 18,690 cP to 33,400 cP. Visual observations and measurements of oil concentrations and droplet size distributions in the water under treated and control slicks correlated well with direct measurements of effectiveness. The dispersant effectiveness versus oil viscosity relationship under simulated at sea conditions at Ohmsett was most similar to those from similar tests made using the Institut Francais du Pétrole and Exxon Dispersant Effectiveness (EXDET) test methods.