Use of the Anion‐Exchange Resin Amberlite IRA‐93 for the Separation of Arsenite and Arsenate in Aqueous Samples

The method described uses the separation of As(III) and As(V) species in aqueous samples by means of the anion‐exchange resin Amberlite IRA‐93. The samples were acidified using acetic acid and passed through a glass column filled with pre‐treated Amberlite IRA‐93 resin. As(III) was poorly adsorbed on the anionic exchanger material, whereas As(V) was retained. The arsenic concentration was measured in the column effluent by graphite furnace AAS (GF‐AAS). The retained As(V) was eluted from the column using 1 M NaOH. Prior to the determination of the As(V) concentration in the NaOH eluate, the eluate was passed through a glass column filled with a cation‐exchange resin (Amberlite 200) to remove sodium ions and minimize the Na⁺ interference with the AAS determination. After calibration the method was applied to the separation of As(III) and As(V) species in two aqueous extracts of arsenic contaminated soils. The results were compared with those obtained from an on‐line separation and determination of As(III) and As(V) in the aqueous soil extracts using a state of the art HPLC‐ICP‐MS system.     

EU shipping in the dawn of managing the ballast water issue

After almost two decades of intensified research, regulatory and political activities focussed on the prevention of harmful organisms and pathogen transfers around the world in 2004 the International Convention on the Management of Ships’ Ballast Water and Sediments (BWM Convention) was adopted to provide a common and globally uniform ballast water management (BWM) approach. Nevertheless, regionally different BWM approaches are developing. By now, many countries around the world seem to be aware of the ballast water issue and its management limitations. In the EU, different approaches have been identified at regional and national scales. The first voluntary BWM requirements at the regional level have been introduced by the HELCOM and OSPAR countries, Adriatic countries have prepared a common approach considering a new legal framework for implementation, and some national level requirements have also been identified. However, a common EU wide BWM approach has not yet clearly emerged. In this paper the authors review the BWM approaches developing in Europe, and describe the EU response on BWM. The authors further provide recommendations which may be considered when developing BWM measures in the EU. This contribution focuses on the BWM issue in European seas in light of the EU Maritime Policy and EU Marine Strategy. The Caspian Sea was also considered.     

Tidal-induced inorganic carbon dynamics in the Strait of Gibraltar

This study presents the distribution of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) along the Strait of Gibraltar, its tidal-induced variability, as well as the inorganic carbon exchange between the Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea. During November 2003, water column samples were collected at nine stations to measure total alkalinity (TA), pH, and dissolved oxygen (DO) for the spatial characterization of the carbonate system. At the same time, anchored samplings were carried out, above the Camarinal Sill and in the Eastern Section of the Strait, in order to assess the tidal mixing effects for oxygen and DIC distribution on the water column. Three distinct water masses can be discerned in this area: the Surface Atlantic Water (SAW), the Mediterranean Water (MW), and the less abundant North Atlantic Central Water (NACW). The observations show an increase in the DIC and a decrease in oxygen concentration with depth, related to the different physico-chemical features of each water mass. The results show the high time-dependence of the vertical distribution of DIC with the interface oscillation, affected by the intense mixing processes taking place in the Strait. Intense mixing episodes over the Camarinal Sill are responsible for an increase in the DIC concentrations in the upper layer of the Eastern Section of the Strait. Higher DIC concentrations in the Mediterranean than in the Atlantic waters are responsible for a net DIC transport of 1.47×10¹² mol C yr⁻¹ to the Atlantic Ocean. Nevertheless, the net exchange is highly sensitive to the interface definition, as well as to the estimate of water volume transport used.     

Residence time of bedform-driven hyporheic exchange

Biogeochemical and ecological transformations in hyporheic zones are dependent on the timing of hyporheic exchange. We show through linked modeling of open channel turbulent flow, groundwater flow, and solute transport that the residence time distributions of solutes advected by hyporheic flow induced by current–bedform interaction follow power-laws. This tailing behavior of solutes exiting the sediments is explained by the presence of multiple path lengths coupled with very large variability in Darcy flow velocity, both occurring without heterogeneity in sediment permeability. Hyporheic exchange through bedforms will result in short-time fractal scaling of stream water chemistry.     

长春地区季冻土基本性质对水分迁移的影响

以长春-四平线（一号样）、长春-松原线（二号样）以及长春-吉林北线（三号样）3段公路土样为研究对象,从微观结构出发,结合物理化学试验和力学试验,评价了长春地区季冻土的性质对水分迁移的影响,为长春地区季冻土的水分迁移研究、道路冻胀翻浆的防治等提供试验依据。从试验得出,长春地区季节冻土孔隙直径大部分分布在<5 μm区间,有利于水分迁移;土样矿物质含量较高,阳离子交换量比较大,粘粒含量较高,颗粒形状也较规则,水化比表面积较高,有利于水化膜形成;外载荷会对水分迁移程度产生影响,整体上三号样水分迁移量最大,一号样次之,二号样最小。     

2005年"5.31"湖南大暴雨中尺度模拟和发生机制

利用NCEP 1°×1°的6 h再分析资料和MM5模式15 km水平分辨率模拟的逐时资料,对2005年初夏湖南大暴雨的中尺度系统及其触发、维持机制进行了诊断分析研究。结果表明:高低空急流最佳配置,动力耦合关系建立为暴雨发生提供了有利的环境条件;中尺度系统在渝南、黔西生成后移入湖南停滞发展,加强了湖南上空动力不稳定条件,促进对流发展;偏南暖湿气流整层突然增强对暴雨的对流系统爆发性发展起十分重要的作用,它在中高层凝结释放潜热加热高层大气,对上升气流起到正反馈作用;高层大气强“抽吸”效应和前期降水产生地表潜热和感热的强迫作用亦是对流爆发性发展的重要因子。湖南复杂地形在暴雨启动机制中起重要作用。但敏感性试验表明,地形抬升不是这次暴雨唯一必需的触发条件,削平南方山地不仅能增强水汽输送,低层偏南气流增强还能加强地面中尺度系统的辐合作用,辐合抬升是触发机制之一。降雨过程发生发展主要受天气系统控制,地形效应可明显改变降雨落区和强度,迎(背)风坡度的增加(减小)通常使降雨加强,反之使降雨减弱。     

浅谈胶、莱两湾污染区的综合治理

近年来,胶州湾和莱州湾海域污染日益严重,引起国家有关部门和省政府的高度重视,并采取了措施加以控制和减少污染,但治理效果并不显著。本文对两湾纳污区的污染源进行了分析,探讨了导致近年来治理效果不佳的原因,并提出综合治理对策。     

CERNET跨域单点登陆中的用户身份管理探讨

跨域单点登录技术建立在各高校已经建立的校内统一用户管理基础之上,为高校间的用户共享和网络应用资源共享提供了基础平台。与校内统一用户管理技术相比,在用户管理模式、用户身份信息描述、用户信息存储、用户信息交换、用户认证过程及用户授权模式等几个方面均有较大的改变。以CARSI项目为背景,介绍跨域单点登录中的用户身份管理模式,研究成果已在CERNET高校中试验并验证。     

Turbidity limits gas exchange in a large macrotidal estuary

In estuaries, the gas transfer velocity (k) is driven by a combination of two major physical drivers, wind and water current. The k values for CO₂ in the macrotidal Gironde Estuary were obtained from 159 simultaneous pCO₂ and floating chamber flux measurements. Values of k increased with wind speed and were significantly greater when water currents and wind were in opposing directions. At low wind speeds (<1 m s⁻¹), k increased with water current velocities (0–1.5 m s⁻¹) following an exponential trend. The latter was a good proxy for the Y-intercept in a generic equation for k versus wind speed in estuaries. We also found that, in this turbid estuary, k was significantly lower at high turbidity. The presence of suspended material in great concentrations (TSS > 0.2 g L⁻¹) had a significant role in attenuating turbulence and therefore gas exchange. This result has important consequences for modeling water oxygenation in estuarine turbidity maxima. For seven low turbidity estuaries previously described in the literature, the slope of the linear regression between k and wind speed correlates very well with the estuary surface area due to a fetch effect. In the Gironde Estuary, this slope follows the same trend at low turbidity (TSS < 0.2 g L⁻¹), but is on average significantly lower than in other large estuaries and decreases linearly with the TSS concentration. A new generic equation for estuaries is proposed that gives k as a function of water current velocity, wind speed, estuarine surface area and TSS concentration.     

渤海湾主要污染物环境容量的估算

运用一个三维水动力模型模拟了渤海湾潮汐潮流的主要特征,计算与实测结果吻合较好.在此基础上采用保守物质为示踪物估算了渤海湾的水交换特性,结果显示:渤海湾一年的水交换率大约为62%.最后以海水的二类水质为标准,估算了COD,无机氮和活性磷酸盐三种主要污染物在渤海湾的静态容量,分别为3.999× 105 t,3.999×10...