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101.
A Wind stress–Current Coupled System (WCCS) consisting of the HYbrid Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM) and an improved wind stress algorithm based on Donelan et al. [Donelan, W.M., Drennan, Katsaros, K.B., 1997. The air–sea momentum flux in mixed wind sea and swell conditions. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 27, 2087–2099] is developed by using the Earth System Modeling Framework (ESMF). The WCCS is applied to the global ocean to study the interactions between the wind stress and the ocean surface currents. In this study, the ocean surface current velocity is taken into consideration in the wind stress calculation and air–sea heat flux calculation. The wind stress that contains the effect of ocean surface current velocity will be used to force the HYCOM. The results indicate that the ocean surface velocity exerts an important influence on the wind stress, which, in turn, significantly affects the global ocean surface currents, air–sea heat fluxes, and the thickness of ocean surface boundary layer. Comparison with the TOGA TAO buoy data, the sea surface temperature from the wind–current coupled simulation showed noticeable improvement over the stand-alone HYCOM simulation. 相似文献
102.
In this study, we perform a stand-alone sensitivity study using the Los Alamos Sea ice model version 6(CICE6) to investigate the model sensitivity to two Ice-Ocean(IO) boundary condition approaches. One is the two-equation approach that treats the freezing temperature as a function of the ocean mixed layer(ML) salinity, using two equations to parametrize the IO heat exchanges. Another approach uses the salinity of the IO interface to define the actual freezing temperature, so an equation describ... 相似文献
103.
针对目前城市众多管理部门对城市GIS数据共享交换平台不同层次的共享需求,在分析文件级、数据平台级、系统功能级以及Web服务级四种共享交换模式特点的基础上,本文采用业务流技术设计了一种集成多级共享交换模式的数据模型。结合无锡市地理信息共享交换平台项目的建设,给出了模型在城市GIS数据交换平台系统中的具体应用过程,以期对其他城市同类系统的建设提供一定的参考价值。 相似文献
104.
105.
Christiane Neumann Julia Beer Christian Blodau Stefan Peiffer Jan H. Fleckenstein 《水文研究》2013,27(22):3240-3253
Exchange of groundwater and lake water with typically quite different chemical composition is an important driver for biogeochemical processes at the groundwater‐lake interface, which can affect the water quality of lakes. This is of particular relevance in mine lakes where anoxic and slightly acidic groundwater mixes with oxic and acidic lake water (pH < 3). To identify links between groundwater‐lake exchange rates and acid neutralization processes in the sediments, exchange rates were quantified and related to pore‐water pH, sulfate and iron concentrations as well as sulfate reduction rates within the sediment. Seepage rates measured with seepage meters (?2.5 to 5.8 L m‐2 d‐1) were in reasonable agreement with rates inverted from modeled chloride profiles (?1.8 to 8.1 L m‐2 d‐1). Large‐scale exchange patterns were defined by the (hydro)geologic setting but superimposed by smaller scale variations caused by variability in sediment texture. Sites characterized by groundwater upwelling (flow into the lake) and sites where flow alternated between upwelling and downwelling were identified. Observed chloride profiles at the alternating sites reflected the transient flow regime. Seepage direction, as well as seepage rate, were found to influence pH, sulfate and iron profiles and the associated sulfate reduction rates. Under alternating conditions proton‐consuming processes, for example, sulfate reduction, were slowed. In the uppermost layer of the sediment (max. 5 cm), sulfate reduction rates were significantly higher at upwelling (>330 nmol g‐1 d‐1) compared to alternating sites (<220 nmol g‐1 d‐1). Although differences in sulfate reduction rates could not be explained solely by different flux rates, they were clearly related to the prevailing groundwater‐lake exchange patterns and the associated pH conditions. Our findings strongly suggest that groundwater‐lake exchange has significant effects on the biogeochemical processes that are coupled to sulfate reduction such as acidity retention and precipitation of iron sulfides. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
106.
David M. Livingstone Dieter M. Imboden 《Aquatic Sciences - Research Across Boundaries》1989,51(4):351-369
The mean heat budget of Lake Aegeri, Switzerland, is 950 MJ·m–2, comparable to that of neighbouring lakes. The annual variation in the net heat flux can be adequately described using a six-term heat balance equation based on 12 years of monthly mean meteorological and surface temperature data. Although the magnitude of the net heat flux is dominated by the radiative terms of the equation, the one-month backward shift of the net flux and total heat content extrema from the solstices and equinoxes respectively is due to the phase shift of the non-radiative with respect to the radiative terms. A linear approximation was used to express the net heat flux in terms of a heat exchange coefficient and an equilibrium temperature. The former varies from 17 to 28 W·m–2·K–1 in the course of a year; fluctuations in the latter are found to depend mainly on fluctuations in cloud cover and relative humidity, whilst the effect of fluctuations in air temperature and wind speed is slight. 相似文献
107.
Norikazu Matsuoka 《地球表面变化过程与地形》1994,19(5):423-435
Rock temperatures were monitored for a year at two alpine rockwalls in the Akaishi Range, Japan, where permafrost is absent. Diurnal frost and thaw penetration depths were evaluated from subsurface isotherms drawn on the basis of the temperature records at 0, 10 and 40 cm depths. The surface of the rockwalls experienced more than 100 diurnal freeze-thaw cycles, most of which accompanied a frost or thaw penetration shallower than 50 cm, and several long duration cycles with deeper frost or thaw penetration. Theoretical frost and thaw depths were also calculated by incorporating the surface freezing indices into the modified Berggren equation, the results from which were then compared with the actual values. The modified Berggren equation provided values that showed a strong correlation with observed depths, despite somewhat underestimating the actual values. Using the modified Berggren equation, the seasonal frost depth in the observed winter was estimated to be about 4·5 m. The frost and thaw depths are considered to give the maximum estimation of the depth to which frost-induced cracking can propagate in the bedrock. 相似文献
108.
空间运输联系的分布与交流规律研究 总被引:29,自引:6,他引:29
空间运输联系是指在自然、社会、经济诸要素综合作用下,区域间通过交通运输设施进行旅客和货物交流产生的相互联系与作用。采用定量与定性相结合的实证分析方法,本文研究了客货运输的地域分布特征、地域间交流联系生成的内在机制、基本类型和增长演变的趋势,划分出客运联系“单中心”、“多中心”,货运联系“互补性交流”、“竞争性交流”、“递接性交流等类型,并提出了非均衡系数、集中度、首位联系量等评价指标。 相似文献
109.
内蒙古奈曼麦田生长期的微气象变化 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:2
采用波文比热量平衡法分析了内蒙古奈曼麦田生长不同阶段的微气象变化。结果表明:(1)麦田反射率随小麦生长趋于旺盛而减小;(2)随着小麦的生长,净辐射及其与太阳总辐射的比值增大;(3)白天净辐射主要用于潜热交换;夜里净辐射主要由潜热交换与土壤热交换补给;(4)波文比白天小,早晨和夜里大。 相似文献
110.