A Parameterization of Third-order Moments for the Dry Convective Boundary Layer

We describe one-dimensional (1D) simulations of the countergradient zone of mean potential temperature observed in the convective boundary layer (CBL). The method takes into account the third-order moments (TOMs) in a turbulent scheme of relatively low order, using the turbulent kinetic energy equation but without prognostic equations for other second-order moments. The countergradient term is formally linked to the third-order moments and , and a simple parameterization of these TOMs is proposed. It is validated for several cases of a dry CBL, using large-eddy simulations that have been realized from the MESO-NH model. The analysis of the simulations shows that TOMs are responsible for the inversion of the sign of in the higher part of the CBL, and budget analysis shows that the main terms responsible for turbulent fluxes and variances are now well reproduced.     

2006-2010年下辽河平原地温和土壤热通量变化特征

依据国家沈阳农田生态系统野外研究站2006-2010年监测数据,分析0-100cm 土层8个层次的地温、0-100 cm地温、地温极值、0-20 cm地温与气温的关系和土壤热通量的变化趋势。结果表明：从年际变化看,8个层次地温和地温极值呈下降趋势;0 cm层次地温变化受外界影响较大。研究区域年尺度0-20 cm地温与气温有比较一致的变化规律。作物生长季节,可分为4-7月气温上升和8-10月气温下降两阶段;这两个不同阶段的0-20 cm地温与气温分别做线性拟合,与整个生长季4-10月线性拟合相比,线性相关性可信度更高。土壤热通量受气温和土壤质量含水量影响年际变化较大,年尺度土壤热通量≥0 MJ/m²,该区域地表是热汇。     

昆明城市热岛效应变化特征研究

利用昆明周边多个自动气象站观测的2004~2012年温度序列,研究了昆明城市热岛效应的日、季节和年际变化特征,并分析了昆明城市热岛水平分布和变化趋势。昆明城市热岛强度具有明显的日变化,夜间较强,白天较弱。城市热岛强度一般在早上08:00(北京时间,下同)达到最大值,在午后14:00减弱或消失。城市热岛强度在冬季最强,春、秋季次之,夏季最弱。昆明城市热岛强度多年平均值为1.27°C,在2004~2009年期间表现为逐年递减的趋势,其年际变化的主要影响因子是云量。2004~2007年昆明城市热岛中心主要分布在主城区。2008年以后,由于中小城镇经济和人口的迅速发展,昆明城市热岛面积不断扩大,并出现热岛中心向呈贡、石林一带偏移的现象。     

赫章片区地热地质条件特征及勘查远景探讨

区域性北西向紫云-垭都深大断裂带斜贯县境,其上下盘次级构造,层间破碎带及挽近期构造发育,具有中低温地热资源有利地热地质条件;潜在地热资源丰富,具有开发价值热储层为第一热储单元和第二热储单元的白云岩,以混合热储构造类型为主,其次是层状带状热储构造类型。根据地热地质条件,结合已成井成果资料,预测了六个靶区。     

Review of the Tropical Gyre in the Indian Ocean with Its Impact on Heat and Salt Transport and Regional Climate Modes

Due to the IO monsoon impact, the tropical IO circulation has significant seasonal variation, especially in the northern IO. However, in mean-state, a relatively closed current loop is established by eastward current along the equator and westward current south of equator, which is regarded as Tropical Gyre in the Indian Ocean. Based on this circulation system, relevant studies were reviewed. Its impact on heat and salt transports and regional climate changes were discussed.     

盛夏青藏高原热源与菲律宾海对流活动的联系

通过多源资料诊断分析,本文讨论了盛夏（8月）青藏高原大气热源与菲律宾海对流活动之间的联系及可能的机制。结果表明,与青藏高原热源相联系的环流形势在夏季各月明显不同,因此对夏季青藏高原热源的影响应当分月讨论。在夏季各月中,菲律宾海对流活动与青藏高原热源在8月份的联系最为紧密,二者存在显著的反相关关系。而8月青藏高原热源、菲律宾对流活动、西太平洋副热带高压（简称西太副高）、印度季风低压、南亚高压、西风带槽脊和西北太平洋季风环流存在相互耦合的过程。青藏高原热源与菲律宾海对流活动之间联系的机制为:菲律宾海对流弱（强）年,西太副高偏西（东）偏南（北）,西北太平洋季风环流减弱（加强）,印度季风低压减弱（加强）,西风带南压（北抬）,又加之副高西侧有强（弱）的水汽输入,兼以高层南亚高压加强（减弱）,使得高原南部降水显著增强（减弱）,高原热源整体加强（减弱）,高原热源的加强（减弱）又造成了高原南部到东亚区域低层西南（东北）风异常,又利于西太副高偏西（东）偏南（北）,从而造成菲律宾海对流减弱（加强）。这一机制在高原热源强弱年均有表现,但强年表现得更为显著,并在个例中也有所体现,说明盛夏青藏高原热源异常和菲律宾海对流异常存在显著的相互作用。     

基于锚系观测的北冰洋加拿大海盆中层水变化研究

20世纪90年代以来,北极进入了以海冰快速减少为显著特征的快速变化时期。通过分析“波弗特流涡观测计划”在北冰洋加拿大海盆的4个站点上布放剖面观测系统所获得的2003—2011年的温度、盐度剖面观测数据,研究了加拿大海盆北极中层水的变化特征。在观测期间,加拿大海盆中央区中层水核心温度变化较小,楚科奇海台地区有明显下降特征,海盆中央区以北以及加拿大群岛陆坡边缘区核心温度呈持续升高趋势。北极中层水核心深度在4个站点都有不同程度的加深趋势,加深的程度和参与分析的表层淡水含量以及因海冰消失导致的风应力变化有一定的对应特征。4个站点表层(75—200 m)的热含量在无冰海域有明显的增长,在有冰海域热含量较稳定;加拿大海盆200—400 m和400—800 m深度范围内的热含量变化情况与中层水核心深度的变化情况一致,伴随着中层水核心深度加深至400 m乃至更深处,中层水的能量也逐渐下移,造成200—400 m水层能量普遍降低而400—800 m水层能量普遍增加。加拿大海盆4个观测站点因背景环境条件和所受影响的不同,造成了中层水的变化和响应趋势的差异。     

Relevance of inflows on the thermodynamic structure and on the modeling of a deep subalpine lake (Lake Maggiore,Northern Italy/Southern Switzerland)

Atmospheric exchanges largely dominate the heat budget of deep lakes in temperate regions. Heat import and export by through-flows is of much lower entity and has been neglected or simplified in many numerical thermodynamic models of lakes. This is often due either to the unavailability of data for inflows and outflows, or to the difficulties in forecasting the evolution of their discharge and temperature in climate change studies. While disregarding through-flows may seem correct, riverine intrusions can bring warmer water than the deep hypolimnetic one to the lower metalimnion and upper hypolimnion, where sunlight does not penetrate and mixing is poor. For holomictic lakes with significant inflow contributions, this can affect the thermal structure at intermediate depths, hampering any numerical model which neglects through-flows. This study focuses on a relevant basin under such aspect, Lake Maggiore (Northern Italy/Southern Switzerland), which drains the rainiest watershed of the Southern Alps. First, we quantify to what extent a one-dimensional fixed-level model ignoring through-flows is able to predict the observed evolution of the thermal structure of the lake and the improvements resulting from reproducing the main inflows and outflows. Then, we directly discuss the influence of through-flows on the thermodynamic structure of Lake Maggiore. The General Lake Model (GLM) was here adopted, reproducing the 1998–2014 period, spanning years with different meteorological and hydrological features. Results show that a calibrated enclosed-lake model can give satisfactory results only if it employs an unrealistically low light extinction coefficient to allow heating of the deep metalimnion and hypolimnion, whose real warming strongly depends on interflows.     

Characteristics of geothermal reservoirs and utilization of geothermal resources in the southeastern coastal areas of China

Based on regional geological setting, stratigraphic distribution and other geological conditions, this paper summarized three types of geothermal reservoirs in the southeast coastal areas of China: Cenozoic sandstone or sandy conglomerate reservoir, Mesozoic granite fissure reservoir and Paleozoic karst reservoir. Cenozoic sandstone or sandy conglomerate reservoirs are mainly located in Cenozoic basins, such as Zhangzhou, Fuzhou, Sanshui and Leiqiong basins. The Tertiary sedimentary basins such as Leiqiong Basin and Sanshui Basin, are controlled by NE-trending faults, while the Quaternary sedimentary such as Zhangzhou and Fuzhou basins are controlled by NW-trending faults. Mesozoic granite fissure reservoirs are mainly distributed in the southeast coastal areas, such as Zhangzhou, Fuzhou, Fengshun, Yangjiang and southern part of Hainan Province. The distribution of good Mesozoic granite fissure reservoir in these areas is mainly controlled by NE-trending faults. Paleozoic carbonate reservoirs are widely distributed in these areas. Most carbonate rocks are from the upper Paleozoic strata, such as those in the area of Huizhou in Guangdong Province. The major types of geothermal systems in the southeast coastal areas of China belong to medium and low-temperature convection. The geothermal resources developed from the ground to-3 000 m underground could be utilized directly for space heating, greenhouse heating, aquaculture pond heating and industrial uses, as well as other purposes. The geothermal resources with a depth of 3 000～6 000 m underground is mainly featured by Hot Dry Rock(HDR) with a temperature ranges from 150 ℃ to 200 ℃, which is conductive to the development of Enhanced Geothermal System(EGS) and can be utilized for power generation.     

曲阜近山前地区地热地质条件浅析

曲阜市近山前地区基底地层是理想的热介质,区域主控断裂对地温场起明显控制作用,含水岩组和地下水运动为地热提供了理想载体。以岩石导热特征,可将曲阜地区地层分为2 大类:即热基底地层和热盖层地层。前者热导率为25.41×10-3~36.30×10-3T/cm·s·℃;后者为18.92×10-3~23.99×10-3 T/cm·s·℃。地热资源赋存于受断裂构造控制的槽形地带内,属典型的构造—盆地增温型。