Keypoint-based 4-Points Congruent Sets – Automated marker-less registration of laser scans

We propose a method to automatically register two point clouds acquired with a terrestrial laser scanner without placing any markers in the scene. What makes this task challenging are the strongly varying point densities caused by the line-of-sight measurement principle, and the huge amount of data. The first property leads to low point densities in potential overlap areas with scans taken from different viewpoints while the latter calls for highly efficient methods in terms of runtime and memory requirements.A crucial yet largely unsolved step is the initial coarse alignment of two scans without any simplifying assumptions, that is, point clouds are given in arbitrary local coordinates and no knowledge about their relative orientation is available. Once coarse alignment has been solved, scans can easily be fine-registered with standard methods like least-squares surface or Iterative Closest Point matching. In order to drastically thin out the original point clouds while retaining characteristic features, we resort to extracting 3D keypoints. Such clouds of keypoints, which can be viewed as a sparse but nevertheless discriminative representation of the original scans, are then used as input to a very efficient matching method originally developed in computer graphics, called 4-Points Congruent Sets (4PCS) algorithm. We adapt the 4PCS matching approach to better suit the characteristics of laser scans.The resulting Keypoint-based 4-Points Congruent Sets (K-4PCS) method is extensively evaluated on challenging indoor and outdoor scans. Beyond the evaluation on real terrestrial laser scans, we also perform experiments with simulated indoor scenes, paying particular attention to the sensitivity of the approach with respect to highly symmetric scenes.     

Evaluating Volumetric Glacier Change Methods Using Airborne Laser Scanning Data

Assessments of geodetic volume change are widely used in glaciology and have a long tradition dating back to the nineteenth century. Over time, the geodetic method and corresponding data storage have been developed further, but the resulting methodological heterogeneity can lead to errors that are difficult to separate from other survey uncertainties. In this study we used high‐resolution airborne laser scanning data from the Findelengletscher in the Swiss Alps to evaluate state‐of‐the‐art volumetric glacier change methods. For the first time we have been able to simulate errors arising from different geodetic methods and spatial resolutions. The evaluation showed that, although the digital elevation models were perfectly co‐registered, systematic and random method‐ and scale‐dependent errors still occurred. These errors have an impact on the resulting volume changes at lower spatial resolutions and may lead to exponentially larger uncertainties. Volume changes from contour methods provided reasonably accurate results, while volumetric change assessments from central profile lines were especially prone to biases at any scale.     

皖北地区出土几件周代青铜器的铅同位素比值分析

皖北地区地处安徽淮河以北,是先秦时期南北文化交流的重要通道,也是长江中下游铜矿北进中原的必经区域之一,该地区的青铜器对于探讨长江中下游铜矿与中原青铜文化的关系至关重要.本工作采用X射线荧光光谱仪(XRF)和激光剥蚀多接收器等离子体质谱(LA-MC-ICP-MS)对出土于皖北地区4件青铜器及湖北吉家院战国楚墓出土的青铜器...     

短弧段ETALON卫星的SLR数据解算分析

提出一种短弧段ETALON卫星的SLR数据处理策略,仅解算卫星轨道、测站距离偏差、地球自转参数,并利用2018-01~10数据进行验证。结果表明,ETALON-1/2卫星定轨残差RMS分别为1.11 cm、1.08 cm;与IERS-C04 产品相比,短弧段数据解算的X_p、Y_p、LOD参数误差RMS分别为2.21 mas、2.26 mas、218.30 μs/d;与ILRS事后最终轨道相比,ETALON-1卫星R、T、N方向轨道精度分别为1.6 cm、8.5 cm、6.8 cm,ETALON-2卫星R、T、N方向轨道精度分别为 2.1 cm、8.9 cm、8.7 cm。     

Geological Applications of Laser‐Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser‐induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) records light emitted from the decay of electrons to lower‐energy orbitals during cooling of laser‐induced ablation plasmas; the resultant spectra can be used in a variety of geoanalytical applications. Four aspects of LIBS analysis distinguish LIBS from traditional laboratory‐based analytical techniques: (i) the lack of necessary sample preparation, allowing rapid analysis of many samples, (ii) the ability to analyse both 20 to 100 μm‐diameter spots and whole rocks, (iii) the detailed chemical signature contained in a LIBS spectrum and (iv) the ability to take LIBS into the field in backpack portable instrumentation. Three case studies illustrate potential applications of LIBS in the geosciences. First, analysis of the Carrizozo basalt flow in New Mexico, USA, illustrated that LIBS spectra could discriminate between samples of similar composition within uncertainties typical of whole‐rock analysis by X‐ray fluorescence spectrometry. Second, spectra from four sets of rubies from Madagascar and Tanzania illustrate the use of LIBS and multivariate analysis to determine provenance with success rates of > 95%. This technique can also be applied to correlation of units. Finally, a chemical map of a copper ore from Butte, MT, USA, illustrates the use of spatially defined LIBS spectra to understand chemical variations within textural context.     

The Potassium‐Argon Laser Experiment (KArLE): In Situ Geochronology for Planetary Robotic Missions

Geochronology is a fundamental measurement for planetary samples, providing global and solar system context for the conditions prevailing on the planet at the time of major geological events. The potassium (K)‐Argon (Ar) laser experiment (KArLE) will make in situ noble gas geochronology measurements aboard planetary robotic missions such as rovers and landers. Laser‐induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is used to measure the K abundance in a sample and to release its noble gases; the evolved Ar is measured by mass spectrometry, and relative K content is related to absolute Ar abundance by sample mass, determined by optical measurement of the ablated volume. This approach allows K and Ar to be measured on identical volumes multiple times to create an isochron, which improves the age determination and reveals irregularities in the rock if they exist. The KArLE technique measures a whole‐rock K‐Ar age with 10% uncertainty or better for rocks 2 Ga or older, sufficient to resolve the absolute age of many planetary samples. The LIBS–mass spectrometry approach is attractive because the analytical components have been flight‐proven, do not require further technical development and provide essential measurements (complete elemental abundance, evolved volatile analysis, micro‐imaging) as well as in situ geochronology.     

Non‐Matrix‐Matched Calibration for the Multi‐Element Analysis of Geological and Environmental Samples Using 200 nm Femtosecond LA‐ICP‐MS: A Comparison with Nanosecond Lasers

LA‐ICP‐MS is one of the most promising techniques for in situ analysis of geological and environmental samples. However, there are some limitations with respect to measurement accuracy, in particular for volatile and siderophile/chalcophile elements, when using non‐matrix‐matched calibration. We therefore investigated matrix‐related effects with a new 200 nm femtosecond (fs) laser ablation system (NWRFemto200) using reference materials with different matrices and spot sizes from 10 to 55 μm. We also performed similar experiments with two nanosecond (ns) lasers, a 193 nm excimer (ESI NWR 193) and a 213 nm Nd:YAG (NWR UP‐213) laser. The ion intensity of the 200 nm fs laser ablation was much lower than that of the 213 nm Nd:YAG laser, because the ablation rate was a factor of about 30 lower. Our experiments did not show significant matrix dependency with the 200 nm fs laser. Therefore, a non‐matrix‐matched calibration for the multi‐element analysis of quite different matrices could be performed. This is demonstrated with analytical results from twenty‐two international synthetic silicate glass, geological glass, mineral, phosphate and carbonate reference materials. Calibration was performed with the certified NIST SRM 610 glass, exclusively. Within overall analytical uncertainties, the 200 nm fs LA‐ICP‐MS data agreed with available reference values.     

利用无人机激光点云数据更新地形级实景三维地理场景

随着实景三维建设工作的不断推进,对地形级实景三维地理场景的现势性要求日益提高。为解决地理场景更新的及时性和高效性,本文利用无人机获取遥感卫星监测变化图斑点云数据,通过TerraScan点云分类滤波算法批量提取地面点,并采用CloudCompare拉普拉斯平滑算法进行平滑处理,进一步消除离散噪点,输出数字高程模型,最终实现地形级实景三维地理场景更新。试验结果表明,该方法自动化程度高,精度可靠,更新后的实景三维地理场景准确、自然真实。     

三维激光扫描技术在历史建筑立面测绘中的应用北大核心CSCD

随着现代化科技手段的进步与更新,利用三维激光扫描实景复制新型技术原理替代传统式单点立面测绘的技术手段,对历史建筑进行保护,能最大化节省人工成本,提高工作效率。能够将细节、精度、效率统一达到产能最大化,也能提供更高级且全面的原始数据存档及成果交付方式,不断更新历史建筑数字化的技术标准。     

卫星激光测距仪检测系统(一)

针对卫星激光测距仪的几个关健设备 ,建立了一套检测系统。介绍了该检测系统的方法、原理以及实际应用情况