由地基微波辐射计测量得到的北京地区水汽特性的初步分析

首先对比分析了三种测量水汽技术(地基微波辐射计、探空、GPS)之间的差异, 得到地基微波辐射计与探空的差值为0.281cm, GPS与探空的差值为0.728 cm, 地基微波辐射计与GPS的差值为0.322 cm。接着就地基12通道微波辐射计测量得到的水汽总量 (简称PWV), 分析了北京地区水汽在四个季节中的日变化特征。秋季日变化差为0.162 cm, 冬季日变化差为0.130 cm, 春季日变化差为0.229 cm, 夏季日变化差为0.276 cm。另外, 北京地区四个季节中水汽最大值/最小值出现频率最高的时间段呈现一定的特征。即四个季节中在北京时间00:00到00:59和23:00到23:59这两个时间段中, 水汽出现最大值/最小值的概率较其他时间段都高, 其中冬季在北京时间10:00到10:59之间出现最小值的概率最高。水汽总量PWV每小时变化率在四个季节中都存在这样的现象: 出现正的水汽总量PWV每小时变化率的百分比与出现负的水汽总量PWV每小时变化率的百分比相当, 几乎都为50%。最后就水汽与温度相关性做了分析, 分别得到四个季节中各个小时水汽与温度的相关系数, 结果显示各个小时水汽与温度的相关性在四个季节中, 除了夏季从北京时间09:00到22:00为负相关外, 其他时间段内都为正相关。而且各个小时水汽与温度的相关系数都按照秋、春、 冬、夏的顺序递减。     

Implications of new Quaternary uplift models for correlation between the Middle and Upper Thames terrace sequences, UK

Modelling of uplift histories in the Upper and Middle Thames valleys has revealed an important difference, in the form of additional early post-Anglian uplift in the Middle Thames, attributed to an Anglian (~ 440 ka) glacio-isostatic effect. Terraces in the Upper Thames around Oxford seem unaffected by glacio-isostasy and their heights show regional uplift of ~ 35–40 m since the Anglian. The result of the glacio-isostasy is that Anglian terraces are significantly higher above the valley floor in the Middle Thames (up to 55 m) than in the Upper Thames. Recognition of this displacement of Middle Thames terraces has solved long-standing problems of correlation between this area and the Upper Thames: the pre-Anglian (Cromerian Complex) age of the Sugworth Channel deposits, indicated by biostratigraphy, is no longer a difficulty, whereas the Hanborough Terrace is now thought to be of Anglian age, albeit incorporating pre-Anglian faunal remains and perhaps with a significant early post-Anglian component. These findings have implications for the understanding of the effects of Middle Pleistocene glacio-isostasy and of landscape evolution on the periphery of glaciated regions.     

青藏高原北部多温型山谷冰川不同海拔处冰温变化研究 ——以祁连山老虎沟12号冰川为例

冰川温度是表征冰川物理属性和响应气候变化的关键指标。2010年7月至2011年11月在祁连山老虎沟12号冰川积累区（5 040 m）、多年平衡线处（4 900 m）和消融区（4 550 m）开展了活动层（22 m深,1 m间隔）冰温连续观测。2011年10月在冰川积累区4 971 m处钻得165 m深孔获取了115 m深层冰温廓线。研究发现：三个区域活动层下界的深度均在约17 m处,多年平衡线处冰温最低（-7.4℃）,消融区次之（-3.68℃）,积累区活动层下界冰温最高（-2.74℃）且波动最为持续,可能主要与常年积雪覆盖有关。冰温年波动随深度增加均逐渐降低,对气温变化的响应周期亦逐渐增大。与其他冰川最低温相比,老虎沟12号冰川冰温对气候变化响应敏感,过去50年来受全球变暖影响冰温显著增加。积累区深孔冰温显示50 m深度之下冰温呈线性上升,垂直增温率为0.033℃·m^-1,据此推测其底部冰温为0.02℃,主要与底部应变热有关。     

GIS in the K-12 Curriculum: A Cautionary Note

Two qualitative case studies, one focusing on K-12 teachers and the other on middle school students, explore key factors associated with using Geographic Information Systems in the classroom. In both studies, access to appropriate hardware is a critical barrier. Time is another critical barrier—time to learn the GIS software and time in the curriculum to incorporate GIS as a learning experience. In both case studies, learning the technology at the expense of learning spatial analysis was a danger, suggesting the need for conscious focus on the goal of using GIS to learn how to “do geography.”     

A wavelet method for detecting S‐waves in seismic data

Seismic signals consist of several typically short energy bursts, called phases, exhibiting several patterns in terms of dominant frequency, amplitude and polarisation. We present a fast algorithm to detect the so‐called S‐phase in a three‐component seismic signal. This new approach combines traditional S‐phase detection methods and the discrete wavelet transform. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

富锂尖晶石锂锰氧化物的电化学性能

以LiOH.H2O和Mn(CH3COO)2.2H2O为原料,通过微波烧结和固相烧结的两段烧结法合成了锂离子电池正极材料Li3.22Na0.569Mn5.78O12尖晶石。研究表明,在380℃的固相烧结温度下,微波处理有利于生成纯尖晶石相。在2.5~4.5V电压区间,样品的初始放电容量高于132 mAh/g。在充放电过程中,40循环的放电容量几乎不衰减。微波烧结使该样品的Mn-O键被加强,晶格结构在充放电过程中保持稳定。     

Variations of the alpine precipitation from an ice core record of the Laohugou glacier basin during 1960-2006 in western Qilian Mountains,China

The net accumulation record of ice core is one of the most reliable indicators for reconstructing precipitation changes in high mountains. A 20.12 m ice core was drilled in 2006 from the accumulation zone of Laohugou Glacier No.12 in the northeastern Tibetan Plateau, China. We obtained the precipitation from the ice core net accumulation during 1960-2006, and found out the relationship between Laohugou ice core record and other data from surrounding sites of the northeastern Tibetan Plateau. Results showed that during 1960-2006, the precipitation in the high mountains showed firstly an increasing trend, while during 1980 to 2006 it showed an obvious decreasing trend. Reconstructed precipitation change in the Laohugou glacier basin was consistent with the measured data from the nearby weather stations in the lower mountain of Subei, and the correlation coefficient was 0.619 (P<0.001). However, the precipitation in the high mountain was about 3 times more than that of the lower mountain. The precipitation in Laohugou Glacier No.12 of the western Qilian Mountains corresponded well to the net accumulation of Dunde ice core during the same period, tree-ring reconstructed precipitation, the measured data of multiple meteorological stations in the northeastern Tibetan Plateau, and also the changes of adjacent PDSI drought index. Precipitation changes of the Laohugou glacier basin and other sites of the northeastern Tibetan Plateau had significantly positive correlation with ENSO, which implied that the regional alpine precipitation change was very likely to be influenced by ENSO.     

2014年2月12日新疆于田7．3级地震抗震安居（安居富民）房破坏比初步分析

2014年2月12日新疆于田Ms7．3地震是新疆开展抗震安居（安居富民）房建设以来首次产生较大规模成灾破坏震例,以震区抗震房不同结构类型破坏程度和抽样调查数据确定震区抗震房Ⅵ度区和Ⅶ度区的破坏比,与新疆历史破坏性地震相似结构类型房屋的破坏比进行对比分析。     

祁连山老虎沟12号冰川退缩对细菌优势种群影响的初步研究

随着全球冰川正在越来越多的地区融化, 冰川微生物资源很可能会由于冰川退缩而未被人类所发现就已受到生存的威胁而濒危.以祁连山老虎沟12号冰川消融区和末端雪样及末端土样为研究对象, 采用培养方法、分子鉴定, 研究冰川雪样优势菌群在冰川末端土样的分布状况及生理生化指标变化情况, 分析冰川细菌优势菌群在冰川退缩后适应非雪环境的能力.结果表明: 冰川末端雪样优势菌为1BW1和1BW2所代表的Pedobacter, 该属在冰川消融区雪样和冰川末端土样中未分离到; 冰川消融区雪样优势菌为2BW所代表的Acinetobacter, 该属在冰川末端雪样中的数量较少, 在冰川末端土样中的数量更少.不同采样位点16S rRNA序列相似性高的菌株其生理生化特征比相同采样位点的大.因此, 冰川冰退缩可能会引发冰川雪样中的优势种群不能适应新环境而灭绝. 应加强冰川细菌资源利用和保护的研究基础.     

祁连山老虎沟冰川积累区风速、风向变化特征研究

基于2008年11月-2009年10月祁连山老虎沟12号冰川积累区的风速、风向观测资料, 分析了年内季节和日变化特征. 结果表明: 全年日平均风速波动较大, 介于1～8.8 m·s^-1. 日均值以冬季最大, 春, 秋季次之, 夏季最小, 分别为5.1 m·s^-1, 3.4 m·s^-1, 3.7 m·s^-1, 2.6 m·s^-1, 表现出典型的"高山型"风速特征. 秋, 冬季节, 无论昼夜, 以偏南风为主, 风速始终保持在较为稳定的高值状态, 属于典型的冰川风; 春, 夏季节, 冰川风场依旧强劲, 而且伴有山谷风出现. 受山系-河谷地形及雪冰下垫面的共同作用, 春, 夏, 秋三季表现出一定的偏东风, 柴达木低压可能对此也有贡献.