Growth rates,densities, and distribution of Lophelia pertusa on artificial structures in the Gulf of Mexico

Using industry inspection video and ROV imaging, we examined Lophelia pertusa (Linnaeus 1758) on 10 artificial structures of known ages (9 to 100 years) in the northern Gulf of Mexico (GoM). Five different types deep-water energy installations with depths ranging from 320 to 995 m, and three shipwrecks with depths ranging from approximately 530 to 615 m, were examined. Density, depth ranges, and growth rates of L. pertusa colonies were calculated from video and image analysis. L. pertusa colonies were present on all structures examined. Minimum calculated growth rates for the largest colonies ranged from 0.32 to 3.23 cm/yr on the different structures. The shallowest depth at which L. pertusa was observed was 201 m and the deepest was 801 m, considerably expanding the known depth range of this species in the northern GoM. Colony density varied with structure type, age, and depth, with the highest density between 503 and 518 m on the single structure that spanned the entire depth range of occurrence of L. pertusa observed in this study. L. pertusa colonies growing on thinner and deeper installations appear to have higher colonization rates, i.e. to develop higher densities over a shorter time period, compared to those on shallower and more massive types of installations. However, on average, colonies have slower growth rates on these installations than colonies on more massive, shallower installations (compliant and solid installations). In general, the calculated minimum growth rates were higher on the installations than on the shipwrecks, which were substantially older. A continuum of colony sizes was documented on all installations, suggesting multiple settlement events. L. pertusa thickets were observed on the oldest anthropogenic structures, with most of the components of these structures covered by colonies of L. pertusa. Brown, orange, and mottled color-variants were documented for the first time in the GoM. All installations examined for this study were colonized by L. pertusa and it is likely that most artificial surfaces in appropriate depths in the GoM will be as well.     

大洋铁锰矿床生长速率测定研究进展

大洋铁锰矿床的生长速率很慢，通常为数 mm/Ma，其壳层中记录了大洋海水与沉积环境的长期变化历史。常用的生长速率测定方法有：¹⁰Be和 U－Th系放射性同位素测年法、生物地层法、磁性地层法、稳定同位素法、基岩年龄推定法，以及经验公式计算法等。对大洋铁锰矿床生长速率的不同测定方法进行了全面回顾和总结，系统介绍了不同方法的原理、适用原则及优缺点，认为¹⁰ Be法是最为可靠的生长速率测定方法。在此基础上对大洋铁锰矿床生长速率测定的发展趋向作了预测，认为微区、微量高精度测试技术的运用，以及在深入研究元素与大洋铁锰矿床生长速率关系的基础上，建立合理有效的生长速率经验计算公式，可能是大洋铁锰矿床生长速率测定发展的基本趋势。     

化学融雪剂对小球藻生长和生理特性的影响

寒冷地区道路表面除雪化冰使用的化学融雪剂随着地表径流进入水体,将影响水生态系统中的水生生物正常生长,并破坏水生态系统平衡。为研究化学融雪剂对水生生物的毒性效应,分析了不同浓度有机融雪剂对小球藻生长特征、藻细胞光和色素、蛋白质及多糖含量的影响。结果表明：浓度为2 g·L^-1时有机融雪剂对小球藻生长无明显影响,当融雪剂浓度为4 g·L^-1时,小球藻细胞生长表现出明显抑制效应,且抑制效应随融雪剂浓度增加呈显著上升趋势(P<0.01);当融雪剂浓度小于4 g·L^-1时,有机融雪剂对小球藻细胞内叶绿素a合成有明显促进作用,但随着有机融雪剂处理浓度升高,藻细胞内叶绿素a含量逐渐下降。当融雪剂的处理浓度大于4 g·L^-1的时候,藻细胞内蛋白质和多糖含量与对照组相比呈显著下降趋势(P<0.01)。这说明融雪剂浓度高于4 g·L^-1时会抑制水体中小球藻正常生长繁殖,破坏藻体细胞,最终导致水生态系统平衡被破坏。     

青海东部一次强冰雹的微结构及生长机制研究

2004年8月18日青海省东北部大通、互助出现一次强降雹过程,利用多普勒雷达观测资料分析了冰雹云生长过程并利用现场观测的雹谱和收集的雹块进行了冰晶、气泡结构和同位素研究分析。结果表明:雹谱呈双峰型,雹块呈锥状,少数为椭圆体。冰雹切片中,雹胚以霰为主;雹块按生长方式分为四层,中间两层冰晶最长、厚度较大,表明这两个层次是这次降雹雹块的主要生长区,其生长高度较低、温度较高,生长厚度较大。锥形雹块的气泡以径向纹理为主,近似于椭圆形的雹块中的气泡以纬向纹理为主。雹块中的气泡浓度分布皆呈单峰型,气泡谱宽不超过100μm。雹块透明、不透明层气泡浓度不完全一致,有所起伏。对各层氘同位素的测量结果表明,雹块生长温度相应在-10.0~-24.0℃,生长高度相应在4.5~9.0 km(海拔高度),雹块在相对湿融的气层中,上、下翻滚增长,与冰晶分析的结果基本一致。     

土壤水分条件对冬小麦生长发育及产量构成影响研究

通过2011-2013年中国气象局固城生态环境与农业气象试验站冬小麦种植试验,利用冬小麦不同生育期土壤湿度、根长密度、株高、绿叶面积和产量等资料,研究不同土壤水分条件对河北固城冬小麦生长发育和产量构成的影响。结果表明：2011-2012年固城站冬小麦0-50 cm土壤相对湿度>50%为冬小麦适宜土壤湿度。2012-2013年固城站冬小麦各生育期0-80 cm土壤相对湿度<55%时,尽管80-120 cm土壤相对湿度为55%-80%,但冬小麦根系和产量构成要素均较小。冬小麦各生育期0-80 cm土壤相对湿度为55%-70%时,冬小麦根系总量最多,则冬小麦生长发育最好,产量构成要素均较好,总产量最高。冬小麦各生育期0-120 cm土壤相对湿度<55%时,冬小麦根系总量最小,且根系集中分布的深度也较浅,总产量最小。冬小麦各生育期0-120 cm土壤相对湿度>80%时,冬小麦根系总量较多,但总体产量比0-80 cm土壤相对湿度为55%-70%时低。     

Propagation history of the Osaka-wan blind thrust,Japan, from trishear modeling

Mapping the nucleation and 3D fault tip growth of the active Osaka-wan blind thrust provides an opportunity to asses how reactivated thrusts build slip from preexisting faults and the threat they pose as sources of large earthquakes. Analysis of folded growth strata, based on 2D trishear inverse modeling allows a range of best-fit models of the evolution of slip and propagation of the fault to be defined. The depth of the fault tip at 1200 ka varies between ∼1.5–4.5 km, suggesting the fault grew upward from high in the crust, and that it is reactivated. From its onset at ∼1500 ka, the fault grew rapidly along strike in ∼300 ky, and upwards with a P/S ratio of 2.5–3.0, but variable fault slip in space and time. Shallower depths of the fault tip at initiation and thinner basin fill correlates with slower propagation with time, contradicting models that argue for sediments as inhibitors of fault growth. Results also suggest the displacement profile of the currently active thrust is offset from its predecessor, assuming shallower depths to the original fault correlate with greater displacement in its prior history. These results suggest reactivated faults may accrue slip differently than newly developed ones, based on the history of upward fault propagation.     

Seasonal variations in ectotherm growth rates: Quantifying growth as an intermittent non steady state compensatory process

Generally, growth rates of living organisms are considered to be at steady state, varying only under environmental forcing factors. For example, these rates may be described as a function of light for plants or organic food resources for animals and these could be regulated (or not) by temperature or other conditions. But, what are the consequences for an individual's growth (and also for the population growth) if growth rate variations are themselves dynamic and not steady state? For organisms presenting phases of dormancy or long periods of stress, this is a crucial question. A dynamic perspective for quantifying short-term growth was explored using the daily growth record of the scallop Pecten maximus (L.). This species is a good biological model for ectotherm growth because the shell records growth striae daily. Independently, a generic mathematical function representing the dynamics of mean daily growth rate (MDGR) was implemented to simulate a diverse set of growth patterns. Once the function was calibrated with the striae patterns, the growth rate dynamics appeared as a forced damped oscillation during the growth period having a basic periodicity during two transitory phases (mean duration 43 days) and appearing at both growth start and growth end. This phase is most likely due to the internal dynamics of energy transfer within the organism rather than to external forcing factors. After growth restart, the transitory regime represents successive phases of over-growth and regulation. This pattern corresponds to a typical representation of compensatory growth, which from an evolutionary perspective can be interpreted as an adaptive strategy to coping with a fluctuating environment.     

北方玉米冠层光合有效辐射垂直分布及影响因子分析

玉米冠层内光合有效辐射（PAR）的大小直接影响冠层内叶片的光合作用,进而影响玉米净第一性生产力或作物产量的准确评估。为弄清玉米冠层内光合有效辐射的分布规律及其影响因子,基于锦州玉米农田生态系统于2006年生育期的光合有效辐射观测数据和叶面积指数动态观测数据,对玉米冠层光合有效辐射的垂直分布特征及其影响因子进行了分析。结果表明：玉米冠层内不同垂直层次叶片的PAR分布随生育期变化显著,与叶面积指数呈显著的负相关（R2=0.89）;玉米冠层光合有效辐射的消光系数K值在生育期呈动态变化,约为0.76,且表现为苗期较大、生育后期较小。分析表明,在进行光合有效辐射及与此密切相关的光合作用模拟时,应考虑消光系数的动态变化。     

In-situ investigation on growth and dissolution of crystals in aqueous solution

In-situ observation methods to investigate the physics involved in growth and dissolution processes of crystals in aqueous solution at ordinary temperature and pressure are described. The methods visualize insitu the phenomena relating to clustering of nanometer sized embryonic particles, the mass transport from bulk solution and from a crystal, the concentration gradient in the diffusion boundary layer and its distribution around a crystal, and spiral growth steps with height of one nanometer. The techniques measure at the nanometer scale the growth and dissolution rates of individual spiral growth hillocks and etch pits whose dislocation characters are identified in-situ.     

东北冷涡中尺度云系降水机制研究 II: 数值模拟

在利用卫星、雷达和机载PMS(粒子测量系统)等观测资料对2003年7月8日东北冷涡积层混合云系的降水形成机制分析的基础上,将观测分析与数值模拟研究相结合,用中尺度数值模式对积层混合云系做数值模拟,并结合观测资料进一步分析了积层混合云系的微物理结构、粒子形成过程和降水形成机制,获得如下结果:(1)混合云中对流云具有分层的微物理结构.冰晶含水量最大值出现的高度最高,其次由高到低的排序是雪、云水、霰和雨;雨水主要出现在云的暖区;各种粒子中以雨水含水量最高,其次是霰.对流云体生命期较长,微物理结构基本稳定.(2)粒子形成增长过程有差异.冰晶通过凝华过程增长.雪主要来源于冰晶,产生后主要通过撞冻、收集冰晶和凝华过程增长,其中撞冻过冷云水增长对雪质量贡献最大,其产生率极大值高度与过冷云水相当.丰富的过冷云水,给雪的撞冻增长提供了有利条件.在高、中和低层雪的形成有着不同的机制,高层雪收集冰晶长大后,下落到低层又以雪撞冻过冷云水的结淞增长为主要过程.霰主要由雨滴冻结和雪的转化产生,过冷雨滴与冰晶接触冻结成霰;过冷雨滴收集雪,雪随着雨滴的冻结而转化成霰.因此霰的产生与过冷雨滴关系极大.霰主要撞冻云水、收集雪和冰晶增长,其中撞冻是霰的重要增长过程.雨水主要由霰的融化形成,降水主要是由冷云过程产生的.在过冷层,霰撞冻增长占优势.云上部的冰晶和雪对云的中部具有播撒作用,过冷层中存在丰富的过冷水,对冰相粒子的撞冻增长有利.对云水消耗的分析表明,雨滴对云滴的收集、霰和雪对云水的撞冻增长是消耗云水的主要过程.(3)从各种粒子的形成和增长过程可以看出,大部分雨水由霰融化形成,暖云过程贡献要小得多.可见,降水主要是由冷云过程产生的,这与观测分析的结果一致.