测绘专业研究生创新能力培养模式探讨

重点实验室与工程科研中心是国家科技创新平台体系的重要组成部分,在科研平台的支持下,针对如何培养具有创新能力的研究生和提高研究生的科研素质的问题,该文结合矿山空间信息技术国家测绘地理信息局重点实验室在研究生创新能力培养上的做法,从多元化培养模式、开放式科研创新模式、科研考核等多个方面对测绘专业研究生创新能力培养模式进行探讨。     

中国城市尺度科学知识网络与技术知识网络结构的时空复杂性

知识在产业集聚、区域创新中的地位越来越突出,城市知识储量及其在区域知识网络中的地位对城市的综合竞争力有重要影响。学术论文合作与专利合作是知识溢出的体现形式,是科学和技术发展的重要成果,也是度量区域创新能力的主要指标。以2000-2009年中国生物技术领域合著论文和共同申请专利的信息为原始数据,分别构建中国城市间科学知识网络(scientific knowledge network,SKN)与技术知识网络(technological knowledge network,TKN)。运用复杂网络与地学空间分析方法,从整体网络结构特征、择优链接性、中心城市及其自我网络的空间特征等方面进行分析,探究知识溢出的时空复杂性。研究表明:1 SKN和TKN具有无标度网络特征;SKN节点度数的异质性高于TKN。2两种网络均呈异配性,即城市选择合作对象存在明显择优链接性,知识溢出具有粘着性和空间依赖性。3 SKN中心城市具有明显的等级结构,空间分布总体呈"大分散小集聚"特点;TKN中心城市层级结构不明显,尚未形成明显极化中心。4 SKN中心城市自我网络的合作空间,由最初的沿海省会城市间的合作转向长三角、珠三角、京津冀等区域间和沿海城市与内陆城市间的合作,区域间知识溢出明显;TKN中心城市自我网络仍多分布于沿海城市和少数中西部省会城市,区域间知识溢出不明显。5 SKN中心城市及其自我网络的时空演变存在等级扩散和传染扩散的现象,符合时空梯度推移规律,且空间等级梯度逐渐向扁平化转变;TKN中心城市及其自我网络的时空演变以等级扩散为主,时空梯度推移现象不明显。研究结论为量化知识溢出及知识溢出网络结构的时空演化过程提供新的研究视角,对城市创新政策的制定有一定借鉴意义。     

基于人地关系的旅游地理学理论透视与学术创新

针对旅游地理学理论研究比较薄弱和研究内容相对泛化的现状,提出将旅游人地关系作为旅游地理学研究的核心,阐述了旅游人地关系的理论内涵,认为旅游地理学是研究地球表层人类旅游活动与地理环境关系并服务于人类生活和社会经济发展的一门科学,其研究对象是"旅游地域系统"。基于人地关系的理论视角,按照旅游地理学理论体系化和科学化的发展要求,充分考虑旅游地理学旅游性、区域性、综合性和应用性的学科属性,初步构建了以旅游活动系统和地理环境系统为基础,以人地关系理论为核心,融合相关学科理论的旅游地理学理论框架。论文还梳理了旅游地理学的基本研究内容、主要科学问题和重要研究方法,强调应大力倡导地理学科学精神,改变低水平应用导向和过于偏重技术导向的研究现状,切实运用旅游地理学研究和解决国家与地方旅游发展中的重要现实问题,并在此基础上强化理论导向的思想型研究,将深刻揭示旅游人地关系地域系统的基本特征、功能结构、时空演化、基本规律、动力机制和调控途径作为旅游地理学研究的重点,通过学科特色创新、研究范式创新、理论成果创新、研究方法创新和应用价值创新,推动旅游地理学理论研究的深化、学术水平的提高和学科体系的完善,促进现代旅游地理学的本土化和中国旅游地理研究的国际化。     

Grassroots scalar politics: Insights from peasant water struggles in the Ecuadorian and Peruvian Andes

Based on insights from peasant and indigenous communities’ struggles for water in Andean Peru and Ecuador, in this article we argue that the defense of grassroots interests -and with it the advancement of more equitable governance- greatly hinges on the capacity of these groups to engage in grassroots scalar politics. With increasing pressure on water resources in the Andes, the access to water of many rural peasant and indigenous communities is being threatened. The growing realization that their access to water and related interests are embedded in broader regional and national politics, legal frameworks and water policies, has led many communities and peasant water user associations to engage in networks and create alliances with other water users, governmental institutions and non-governmental actors. To better understand these (and other) grassroots struggles and strategies, in this contribution we develop the concept of grassroots scalar politics, which we use as a lens to analyze two case studies. In Ecuador we present how water users of the province of Chimborazo have defended their interests through the consolidation of the Provincial Water Users Associations’ Federation Interjuntas-Chimborazo and its networks. Then we focus on how with the support of Interjuntas-Chimborazo the Water Users Association of the Chambo irrigation system defended their historical water allocation. In Peru we analyze the conformation and achievements of the federative Water Users Association of Ayacucho (JUDRA) and present how the community of Ccharhuancho in the region of Huancavelica, managed to defend its waters and territory against the coastal irrigation sector of Ica.     

Global climate policy and deep decarbonization of energy-intensive industries

If we are to limit global warming to 2 °C, all sectors in all countries must reduce their emissions of GHGs to zero not later than 2060–2080. Zero-emission options have been less explored and are less developed in the energy-intensive basic materials industries than in other sectors. Current climate policies have not yet motivated major efforts to decarbonize this sector, and it has been largely protected from climate policy due to the perceived risks of carbon leakage and a focus on short-term reduction targets to 2020. We argue that the future global climate policy regime must develop along three interlinked and strategic lines to facilitate a deep decarbonization of energy-intensive industries. First, the principle of common but differentiated responsibility must be reinterpreted to allow for a dialogue on fairness and the right to development in relation to industry. Second, a greater focus on the development, deployment and transfer of technology in this sector is called for. Third, the potential conflicts between current free trade regimes and motivated industrial policies for deep decarbonization must be resolved. One way forward is to revisit the idea of sectoral approaches with a broader scope, including not only emission reductions, but recognizing the full complexity of low-carbon transitions in energy-intensive industries. A new approach could engage industrial stakeholders, support technology research, development and demonstration and facilitate deployment through reducing the risk for investors. The Paris Agreement allows the idea of sectoral approaches to be revisited in the interests of reaching our common climate goals.

Policy relevance

Deep decarbonization of energy-intensive industries will be necessary to meet the 2 °C target. This requires major innovation efforts over a long period. Energy-intensive industries face unique challenges from both innovation and technical perspectives due to the large scale of facilities, the character of their global markets and the potentially high mitigation costs. This article addresses these challenges and discusses ways in which the global climate policy framework should be developed after the Paris Agreement to better support transformative change in the energy-intensive industries.     

上海天文台2004年度的科研工作

简要回顾了中国科学院上海天文台2004年科研及相关工作情况。     

关于新升格本科院校地图学教学改革的几点思考

作者通过几年来对地图学课程的的教学实践,以及与兄弟院校的交流发现:新升格本科院校地图学教学过程中普遍存在教学手段落后、绘图技术不够先进、创新思维滞后,这已经成为普遍现象,作者认为新升格本科院校的地图学教学改革势在必行。     

广东省区域技术创新能力测度的灰色关联分析

区域技术创新能力是构建区域创新体系的中心问题,建设创新型区域是提升区域竞争力、促进区域经济社会发展的必由之路。提出了一套区域技术创新能力的测度指标体系,分析研究了区域技术创新能力形成机理及其数学模型,针对该问题的灰色不确定性,运用灰色关联分析模型对影响广东区域技术创新能力的因素进行了灰色关联度的定量分析,描绘出影响(1999~2006年)广东经济增长(GDP)的区域技术创新能力因素的灰色关联图。结果显示,该模型的有效性较好、可靠性较高、实用性较强。最后,根据广东省区域技术创新能力测度的分析结果,提出了提高广东省区域技术创新能力的对策建议。     

Constructing regional advantage in non-metropolitan regions: A comparison between La Pocatière (Canada) and Tromsø (Norway)

The construction of regional advantage has recently been emphasized by scholars as a new way of increasing firms’ competitiveness in a globalizing and learning economy. This article compares the construction of regional advantage and the development paths of specific industries in two different types of non-metropolitan regions, La Pocatière in Canada and Tromsø in Norway. The authors observe a higher level of industrial dynamism in La Pocatière than in Tromsø. They find four explanations for this variation: (1) a narrower regional innovation system (RIS) in Tromsø; (2) the fact that the target industry in Tromsø (marine biotechnology) is, in general, more difficult to develop outside metropolitan regions than the diverse mechanical engineering industry found in La Pocatière; (3) a biased focus on the development of research-based knowledge and academic spin-offs in Tromsø compared with a more varied set of strategies used in La Pocatière; and (4) La Pocatière's location in proximity to the Quebec metropolitan region.     

基于锡尔系数的广东省城市创新能力差异研究

运用锡尔系数的方法,以专利授权数为变量,通过GDP和人口数2种不同的比重加权方法对比,对广东省各城市间的城市创新能力进行测算并分析其差异。研究表明:以GDP比重加权的城市创新能力差异呈减小趋势,而以人口数比重加权的创新能力差异呈增大趋势;城市越来越重视城市创新的建设,以创新带动城市发展;人口增长速度与城市创新能力有一定的关联,是造成城市创新能力差异的重要原因。