GPS高程拟合转换正常高的研究

通过对GPS测高与水准测量理论及其异同分析的基础上,阐述了确定似大地水准面的原理与方法,分析了用数学模型法,用少量GPS与水准重合点将GPS大地高直接转换为具有cm量级正常高的实现方法。实验结合黑龙江省虎林地区的地形特点,提出了用线性内插法、平面模型法和二次曲面模型法等来转GPS高程,证明在黑龙江省虎林地区可以通过少量且分布合理的水准点来直接求出该地区具有cm量级的正常高,且精度可以达到四等水准测量的精度要求,满足一般工程的需要。     

An isostatically compensated gravity model using spherical layer distributions

A new isostatic model for the Earths gravity field is presented based on a simple hypothesis of layers approximating constant density contrasts. The spherical layer distribution used to describe the hydrostatic equilibrium of the Earths masses leads to a new set of spherical harmonic coefficients for the gravitational potential. First attempts to quantify the information content of these coefficients led to the outcome that they seem to explain the observed gravity field for a certain wavelength band, while they are insufficient for short and very long wavelengths. A synthesis of the derived coefficients over specific degree ranges provided a computation of band-limited geoid undulations on a global scale. The association of these potential quantities with known tectonic structures, such as the topography of the core–mantle boundary, strengthens the belief that the interpretation of Earth gravity models, especially those arising from global digital elevation models, should be considered in close relation with deep-Earth structure.     

Quantitative estimate of residual or palaeo-oil column height

A method to quantitatively estimate residual or palaeo-oil column heights is proposed using criteria based on the presence or absence of oil shows in a single heterogeneous reservoir rock sample. The residual or palaeo-oil column height below the sample is constrained through the determination of the displacement pressure of regions in the sample containing oil shows (P_d-o) and the displacement pressure for regions that are devoid of any evidence of oil shows (P_d-w). The height of the residual or palaeo-oil column below the sampling depth can then be estimated to be greater than the equivalent height corresponding to P_d-o, but less than the height corresponding to P_d-w. Three examples from two basins in China were investigated using the method to determine their residual and palaeo-oil column heights.     

Progress of the Seasonal Evolution of East Asian Summer Circulation during July-August and Its Linkages with the Subseasonal Processes over the Western North Pacific

Based on the NCAR/NCEP monthly and pentad reanalysis dataset of 1961-2003, the progress of seasonal evolution of the summer atmospheric circulation in the East Asia in July to August, including the advanced and delayed cases, and their relationships with the subseasonal processes over the western North Pacific are analyzed and compared with that of climatology. The results show that the progress of seasonal cycle is advanced about a month ahead of the climatological time when the convection during 20-29 July is active in the region of the subtropical West Pacific (15°-25°N, 150°-165°E), while it is delayed about one month when weaker convections appear in the same region. Instead, the relative active convection for the latter occurs in Pentad 46 (14-18 August). It is proved that the convective activities in the early July in the equatorial central and east Pacific, and then the convective anomalies in the subtropical western North Pacific can excite the formation of the acceleration and delay of the seasonal circulation evolution in the East Asia in the late summer. The preceding subseasonal processes over the western North Pacific, including the time-lag interactions among the active convection in the late June and early July, the Northwest Pacific anticyclone, the underlying sea surface temperature and low-level winds anomalies, and their relationships with the anomalous seasonal evolution of the summer atmospheric circulation in the East Asia in late July are also investigated. However, further study, especially the numerical experiments, is needed on the mechanism of the anomaly summer seasonal cycle in the East Asia and the Northwest Pacific.     

GPS水准的拟合基准面高程系统

针对线路工程提出利用若干个GPS和水准高程点建立一个拟合面作为高程基准面,这样GPS高程经拟合后可获得相对于拟合基准面的准确高程,水准测量附合于GPS点进行闭合差的调整,充分利用了GPS的高程信息,有益于在线路工程中用GPS替代常规基平水准测量。     

GPS高程转换中考虑地形改正的几何方法

讨论了出区地形变化较大,在进行ＧＰＳ高程转换时所应加入的地形改正,给出了改正公式。     

Mixing Height Over Water And Its Role On The Correlation Between Temperature And Humidity Fluctuations In The Unstable Surface Layer

Results from an experimental investigation of themixing height over inner Danish waters carriedout from September 1990 to October 1992, are discussed.The statistical analysis of the mixed-layer height (z_i)over the sea does not exhibit the dailyvariation that is characteristic of the mixed layerover land, but it is nearly constant over a24-hour cycle. During summer, the mixed layer ishigher than during winter. A second inversionwas often observed.A case study of the development of the mixed layerover the sea under near-neutral and unstableatmospheric conditions during six consecutivedays is presented. A zero-order mixed-layer heightmodel is applied. In addition to momentum and heatfluxes the effect of subsidence was found to be importantfor the evolution of the mixed layer over the sea. Themodelled evolution of z_i compared successfullywith measurements.We have investigated the influence of themixed-layer height on the correlation coefficient R_qTbetween temperature and humidity fluctuations usingthe values obtained with the model.We found that the evolution of R_qT follows theevolution of the mixing height. An empirical modellinking the surface values of R_qT to z_i and the Obukhov scaling length L has been suggested. The modelreproduces the experimental features.     

ON WESTERLY WIND BURSTS IN EQUATORIAL WESTERN PACIFIC BEFORE AND DURING THE ONSET AND INITIAL DEVELOPMENT PHASES OF ENSO

By means of NCEP/NCAR reanalysis dataset,the origins of westerly wind anomalies at lowlevel over equatorial western Pacific Ocean before and during the onset and initial developmentphase of ENSO are explored.Evidences show that westerly anomalies in the equatorial westernPacific(140—180°E)are characterized by two remarkable enhancements in the spring and summerof the year when El Nine emerges.The enhancements are not only.to some extem.due to theeastward propagation of low-level westerlies in equatorial Indian Ocean.but also predominantlyresulting from Ihe intense convergence of the meridional wind from both hemispheres.Thelatitudinal convergence leads to the local intensification of zonal pressure gradient so as to cause thereinforcement and bursts of westerly wind over warm pool.Besides,by virtue of the effect ofearth rotation,the northeasterlies(southeasterlies)from the Northern(Southern)Hemisphereturn into northwesterlies(southwesterlies)progressively in the near-equatorial zone.whichdirectly strengthens the westerly velocity.Comparing the contributions of the meridional windfrom both hemispheres to westerly wind bursts,is seems that southeasterlies from the SouthernHemisphere are much stronger and more stable than northwesterlies of Northern Hemisphere.It isevident that the southeasterlies to the east of Australia originate from the southern mid-and highlatitudes and are in close association with the Southern Oscillation.     

张北6.2级地震前安头屯井水位异常变化的分析

对张北6.2级和5.6级两次地震前安头屯井水位异常变化及表现特征进行分析、研究,从而认为该井对捕捉地震异常信息,特别是首都圈地区的监测预报有一定的使用价值.