"雪球"假说与塔里木板块新元古代冰川事件

近年来．新元古代冰期的奇特地层引发了学们对新元古代冰期环境特征与成因演化的研究热潮．各类假说和模型不断提出，Hooffman等人运用“雪球”假说对冰川沉积的低纬度和低海拔特征、冰室效应和温室效应的相互交替、盖碳酸盐岩的成因、稳定同位素变化的含义、冰期地层中铁矿的成因等均进行了较为合理的解释．近年国内在新疆塔里木展开了对新元古代冰川事件的研究．碳同位素和微量元素比值的研究成果，不仅进一步证明了前人提出的三期冰期的观点．而且从地球化学角度验证了“雪球”假说．     

华南陡山沱期古地理环境及"雪球地球"研究新进展

华南地块陡山沱组的古地磁和C同位素研究揭示了其形成于赤道附近的古地理环境。对冰期后的盖帽白云岩的C同位素研究表明，δ^13C从-5‰开始有缓慢升高的趋势，与世界上Marinoan冰期其他剖面的c同位素变化相一致。陡山沱期大气中CO2含量的升高可能与kodinia超大陆的裂解及火山活动等密切相关。     

应用精密引潮力位展开建立刚体地球章动序列

通过对Melchior P.潮汐与章动理论的改进，给出了高阶日月引潮力位引起的岁差章动力矩，建立了刚体地球极移和章动的联合动力学方程，由此对天球中间极（CIP）进行了严格的理论定义. 在各阶潮汐力矩的作用下，得到CIP轴岁差章动的表达式. 通过推导发现，奇数阶引潮力位产生的岁差章动力矩使得黄经章动和交角章动出现了异向项（即：黄经章动出现了cos项，交角章动出现了sin项）. 最后利用郗钦文精密引潮力位展开，建立了737项刚体地球章动序列. 新的章动序列是IERS2003采用的刚体地球章动序列REN2000（包含678个日月章动项）的一个补充.     

Land subsidence in China

Land subsidence in China occurs in different regions. It is primarily caused by excessive groundwater withdrawal. Other reasons for the subsidence include the oil, warm groundwater withdrawal and the neotectonic movement. The common characteristics of land subsidence in China are slow, accumulative, irreversible, and other unique properties. The range of subsidence still keeps extending and the accumulative subsidence increasing though some measures taken. Adjustment of the aquifer exploitation practice is a subsidiary way to control land subsidence, but it cannot solve this problem completely. In a specfic way of groundwater changing, the contribution of a certain soil layer to the total subsidence depends on its compressibility and thickness. Besides the elasticity, both cohesive soil layers (aquitards) and sand layers (aquifers) are observed to be plastic and creep when the groundwater level fluctuates in a specific way, which often leads to subsidence delay.     

Study on Short-Term Abnormal Characteristics of Geoelectric and Geomagnetic Data before Strong Earthquakes in the North China Region

INTRODUCTIONStrongearthquakeactivityrepresentsalarge scalecrustaltectonicmovementprocess .Intheprocessofearthquakepreparation ,thedistributionofthegeophysicalparametersintheearthquakepreparationareahasthecharacteroftemporalcontinuityandspatialdependencewithdifferentgeologicalstructures ,andhenceaseismicprecursoryfieldisformed .Affectedbythetectonicstressfieldandthestressfieldinthefocalarea ,theearthresistivityinthesourceanditssurroundingareaswillchangeintheprocessofearthquakepreparation .…     

NASA地球科学事业（ESE）计划中的科学问题

作为NASA地球科学事业（ESE）分计划之一的ESE研究战略，在未来10年中，将主要关注以下 5个科学问题：①全球地球系统是怎样变化的？②地球系统的主要驱动力是什么？③地球系统如何响应自然和人为引起的变化？④地球系统的变化对人类文明造成的后果是什么？⑤如何更好地预测地球系统未来的变化？这 5个问题都是大范围的跨学科问题，涉及到地球系统科学的各个方面。在这 5个大的科学问题之下，又具体细化为23个二级问题，并对这些问题 进行了极其详尽的讨论。     

Ground cracks in Ethiopian Rift Valley: facts and uncertainties

No accurate relationship has been obtained in this study between ground cracks in Ethiopian Rift Valley and the most common causes of earth fissures such as aquifer-system compaction and increased horizontal seepage stresses. This is due to the fact that the level of groundwater withdrawal responsible for these processes is still negligible in Ethiopia. If aquifer-system compaction and increased horizontal seepage stresses have a certain role, then it should be through the long-term effect of groundwater flow from basins to neighboring lakes. The ground cracks appeared also not to have a direct link with active faulting or distant earthquakes. Structurally, the Ethiopian Rift Valley is dominated by NE–SW-trending tensional faults, but no evidence is obtained in this study to associate the process of surface cracking with major tectonics. However, an aseismic elastic strain, which originates at depth and propagates upward through sediments without the formation of bedrock faults, could result in conditions conducive to the development of cracks. Then, fissures might ultimately be created after heavy rainfalls by near-surface processes such as piping and hydrocompaction along water-line sources.     

无连接挡板高填方路堤薄壁挡土墙土压力模型试验研究

提出了一种新型的互锚薄壁挡土墙,该挡土墙是在传统加筋土墙的基础上发展起来的。以钢筋为拉筋,两侧的挡土墙面板通过拉筋对称连接互锚。通过模型试验测试了该结构挡土墙面板后土压力的分布规律。挡土面板后土压力并不是呈线性分布,也没有表现中间大、两端小的三角形分布或曲线,即在挡土墙的墙底和墙顶土压力接近于0、在挡土墙的中间土压力最大的分布规律,而是在距离挡土墙顶部1/3h以上(h为墙高),挡土墙面板后的土压力分布完全呈线性分布,与朗肯主动土压力理论相似;但是在距离挡土墙顶部1/3h以下位置,挡土墙面板后的土压力随着挡土墙高度的延伸,土压力基本保持不变,近似呈现一条竖线段。结果表明这种挡土墙的承栽能力得到明显加强。     

北京国家地球观象台的管理

指出了北京国家地球观象台目前存在的一些问题,分析了出现这些问题的原因,并运用现代管理学的观点论述了解决这些问题的思路和方法。提出了把北京国家地球观象台建成监测、预测、科研三结合台站的管理目标,给出了实现这个目标应采取的管理方法和必要措施。