金属矿物的反应动力学与地球化学意义

概述了动力学实验的技术方法和金属矿物的反应动力学研究进展。动力学实验使用的三种基本化学反应装置是间歇反应器（ＢＲ）、活塞流反应器（ＰＦＲ）和混合流反应器（ＭＦＲ）,确定速率定律的数学方法包括积分法、微分法和混合法,以微分法中的初始速率法应用最广。目前主要研究了水溶液中黄铁矿氧化、黄铁矿和黄铜矿形成、晶质铀矿和磁铁矿溶解的速率定律和反应机理,发现：（１）酸性溶液中黄铁矿的氧化速率对Ｆｅ３＋和Ｏ２浓度呈分数依赖并受表面反应的控制;（２）低于３００℃时黄铁矿不能从溶液中直接成核,而需初始地通过ＦｅＳ先驱物的硫化生成,ＦｅＳ与Ｈ２Ｓ反应形成黄铁矿的速率方程为二级;（３）磁黄铁矿或黄铁矿与Ｃｕ２＋反应均可形成黄铜矿,前者经历了一系列准稳的Ｃｕ Ｆｅ硫化物的中间物,后者的速率方程为表观一级并受表面反应的控制;（４）酸性ｐＨ时磁铁矿的非线性溶解行为可采用表面反应扩散输运耦合的收缩核模型（ＳＣＭ）来描述。有关动力学实验成果完善和深化了对矿床中黄铁矿、黄铜矿的形成机理和风化壳中磁铁矿的稳定性等方面的认识。将来的实验研究将向更多的金属矿物和高温高压领域发展。     

Impact of climate change on wetland ecosystems: A critical review of experimental wetlands

Climate change is identified as a major threat to wetlands. Altered hydrology and rising temperature can change the biogeochemistry and function of a wetland to the degree that some important services might be turned into disservices. This means that they will, for example, no longer provide a water purification service and adversely they may start to decompose and release nutrients to the surface water. Moreover, a higher rate of decomposition than primary production (photosynthesis) may lead to a shift of their function from being a sink of carbon to a source. This review paper assesses the potential response of natural wetlands (peatlands) and constructed wetlands to climate change in terms of gas emission and nutrients release. In addition, the impact of key climatic factors such as temperature and water availability on wetlands has been reviewed. The authors identified the methodological gaps and weaknesses in the literature and then introduced a new framework for conducting a comprehensive mesocosm experiment to address the existing gaps in literature to support future climate change research on wetland ecosystems. In the future, higher temperatures resulting in drought might shift the role of both constructed wetland and peatland from a sink to a source of carbon. However, higher temperatures accompanied by more precipitation can promote photosynthesis to a degree that might exceed the respiration and maintain the carbon sink role of the wetland. There might be a critical water level at which the wetland can preserve most of its services. In order to find that level, a study of the key factors of climate change and their interactions using an appropriate experimental method is necessary. Some contradictory results of past experiments can be associated with different methodologies, designs, time periods, climates, and natural variability. Hence a long-term simulation of climate change for wetlands according to the proposed framework is recommended. This framework provides relatively more accurate and realistic simulations, valid comparative results, comprehensive understanding and supports coordination between researchers. This can help to find a sustainable management strategy for wetlands to be resilient to climate change.     

100MPa、800℃下Mo和W在流体／花岗质熔体相间分配的实验研究

利用“RQV-快速内冷淬火”（外加热冷封式）高温高压实验装置,在100MPa、800℃条件下,以东秦岭地区出露的高钾钙碱性岩浆岩（合峪花岗岩）为实验初始物,实验研究了Mo和W在花岗岩-H2O、花岗岩-NaCl（KCl）-H2O及花岗岩-NaF-H2O体系流体／熔体相间的分配行为。实验结果表明,Mo比W更倾向于分配进入流体相（DMo^流体/溶体〉〉DW^流体/溶体）,相对于纯水体系而言,流体介质中Cl和F的存在均有利于Mo和W向流体相迁移富集,随体系内Cl含量的不断增高,Mo和W的分配系数呈线性增大趋势,而在天然花岗岩可能含有的F含量范围之内,F含量的增高将阻碍Mo、W向流体相迁移,流体介质中Na／K（摩尔比）的变化对Mo和W的分配系数没有明显影响,表明体系碱质（Na或K）类型不是Mo和W在流体／熔体相间分配的主要影响因素。     

泉州市地震应急与救援工作体系的建设

本文简要介绍泉州市地震局依靠各级政府、有关部门和全社会的共同努力 ,以落实地震应急预案为楔机促进“预、防、救”三大体系工全面发展的工作经验 :一、以落实《地震应急预案》为抓手 ,争取项目 ,以项目带动一切 ;二、结合社会转型全面加大防震减灾知识宣传力度 ;三、不以经费的来源划分你我 ,动员全社会的力量建立健全预警应急机制。     

Simulation Experiments of Land Surface Physical Processes and Ecological Effect over Different Underlying Surface

Based on the existing Land Surface Physical Process Models(Deardorff, Dickinson, LIU, Noilhan, Seller, ZHAO), a Comprehensive Land Surface Physical Process Model (CLSPPM) is developed by considering the different physical processes of the earth‘s surface-vegetation-atmosphere system more completely. Compared with SiB and BATS, which are famous for their detailed parameterizations of physical variables, this simplified model is more convenient and saves much more computation time. Though simple, the feas...     

高压电脉冲破岩试验装置的研制

高压电脉冲破岩钻进在国际上被认为是一种在深部钻探中具有广阔发展前景的破岩方法,但在国内研究还很少。本文设计制造了一套高压电脉冲破岩试验装置,包含伺服电动缸、控制柜、岩石容器等部件,试验装置配套了?60 mm和?100 mm的电脉冲钻头,可选择手动或自动加压放电破碎岩石。在放电电压为120 kV、放电频率为1 Hz的条件下进行了红砂岩等岩石的钻进试验,实现了60 mm口径的钻进碎岩。试验结果表明,该装置能满足电脉冲破岩试验的基本要求,可用于电脉冲碎岩室内研究。     

Experiments on the primary migration of oil from source rocks

Simulation experiments on the primary migration of oil were carried out on massive samples. The results proved that oil generated from source rocks was expelled in the form of an independent oil phase. High oil-expulsion efficiency was observed. It follows that the primary migration of oil is not directly dependent on the quantity of oil generated from the source rocks. Therefore, the oil-expulsion proportion was high though some source rocks yielded only a limited amount of oil. A great deal of gas was produced at the same time of oil-generation. Thus, it can be concluded that the main expulsion energy for oil primary migration came from these gases.     

北京市朝阳区沙子营垃圾污染物在潜水含水层中迁移规律的现场模拟实验

选择北京平原区水文地质、环境地质等方面都比较典型的沙子营垃圾堆放场,建立了其水文地质模型。在充分收集资料、分析得出部分计算所需参数后,采用现场弥散实验、勘查取样测试等方法,求得了该含水层的弥散系数等参数;用二维非稳定流溶质运移方程对污染物在此含水层中的迁移扩散规律、速度和污染范围等进行了模拟计算;采用现场钻探、取样测试分析等方法,评价了该含水层的实际污染状况。实验模拟计算和现场调查结果表明:污染物在潜水含水层中的运移规律遵循二维非稳定流场中的溶质运移方程,污染物在潜水含水层中的运移速度约为86.25m/a,迁移扩散主要发生在地下水流向上,侧向扩散宽度极小,是地下水流向上的1/17。     

不同压裂介质影响下绝对应力测值的试验研究

为研究不同压裂介质影响下的绝对应力测值,利用大尺寸真三轴模拟水压致裂试验系统,用清水及密度分别为1.1、1.2、1.3、1.4 g/cm3的泥浆介质对400 mm×400 mm×400 mm的花岗岩试样进行了水压致裂室内试验,成功获取了连续的压力-时间曲线。利用6种方法识别压力-时间曲线的闭合压力点,与实加最小水平主应力（ 5 MPa）对比,得出单切线等4种方法较为符合实际情况;在考虑试验系统柔度影响前提下,对比了实测和理论重张压力;最后分析了在持续泵压作用下岩石裂缝延伸的压力。试验结果表明,密度为1.1、1.2 g/cm3的泥浆介质对压力特征参数的取值影响较小,误差不超过1 MPa,但密度为1.3、1.4 g/cm3的泥浆介质对特征参数值影响很大。试验结果对水压致裂地应力测量技术在不同压裂介质影响下的适用性有重要的指导意义。     

柴达木盆地CXQ构造油气化探特征及找矿预测

通过在CXQ构造上进行的油气化探结果表明深部拥有油气活动，结合地质构造综合评价认为它具有形成构造圈闭油气藏的条件。为下一步勘探提供了地球化学依据。