天津市东丽区一次持续性雾霾天气过程的特征及影响要素分析

基于常规气象观测资料和PM_2.5浓度资料,分析了2019年1月10—14日天津市东丽区出现的一次持续性雾霾天气特征及其成因。结果表明：此次雾霾天气具有明显的阶段性特征,高空平直西风环流、中层暖脊和地面弱气压场为此次雾霾天气出现提供了有利的天气形势。轻雾和霾阶段,能见度变化更易受到相对湿度的影响;而雾阶段,能见度变化更易受到风速的影响。PM_2.5浓度与地面气象因子关系密切,与能见度、风速负相关,与相对湿度正相关。当其他气象条件稳定,且周边地区污染物浓度较高时,近地面风向转变,对本地区雾霾的出现起到关键性作用。     

EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION AND ANALYSIS OF HEC-6 RIVER MORPHOLOGICAL MODEL

Only comparatively few experimental studies have been carried out to investigate the performance of the HEC-6 river morphological model. The model was developed by the Hydrologic Engineering Center of the US Army Corps of Engineers. In this study, experiments were carried out in a 20 m long concrete flume 0.6 m wide with varying rectangular cross-sections. The channel bed is paved with uniform sand of D₅₀ = 0.9 mm and D₉₀ = 1.2 mm within the test reach of 12 m. Two types of experiments were carried out with sediment transport, one under steady uniform flow and another under steady non-uniform flow conditions. Nine steady uniform flow experiments were carried out to compare the measured equilibrium relationship of flow and sediment transport rate with two bedload formulae, namely, Du Boys and Meyer–Peter and Muller, and with three total load formulae, namely, Toffaleti, Laursen and Yang. It was found that even though the sediment transport consists of a certain portion of bedload, the total load formulae give satisfactory results and better agreement than the two bedload formulae. Five steady non-uniform flow experiments were carried out under various conditions of varying bed profile and channel width and also with sediment addition and withdrawal. The measured transient water surface and bed profiles are compared with the computed results from the HEC-6 model. It was found that the Toffaleti and Yang total load formulae used in the HEC-6 model give the most satisfactory prediction of actual bed profiles under various conditions of non-uniform flow and sediment transport. The effects of Manning's n, variations of sediment inflow, various sediment transport formulae, sediment grain size and the model numerical parameters, i.e. distance interval Δx and numerical weighting factor, on the computed water surface and bed profiles were determined. It was found that the selection of the sediment transport formulae has the most significant effect on the computed results. It can be concluded that the HEC-6 model can predict satisfactorily a long-term average pattern of local scour and deposition along a channel with either a small abrupt change in geometry or gradually varying cross-sections. However, the accuracy of the model prediction is reduced in the regions where highly non-uniform flow occurs.     

河南木厂河区银、金、铜矿床的构造控矿特征

河南木厂河地区,位于秦岭-大别山中央造山带的东部,桐柏-大别构造亚带东段。区内以长期活动的NWW-近EW向深大断裂及派生的NWW向,SN向断裂以及平行于东部郯庐断裂带的NE向断裂为主要特征,褶皱表现为形态复杂的宽缓线形。通过调查研究,确认了木厂河矿区存在三个构造岩石单元:核杂岩单元(CC)、超高压单元(UHP)、高压单元(HP).各单元之间发育有大型的拆离断层,有利于成矿元素富集。本区矿床的形成与大别山超高压变质带折返后的伸展拆离作用密切相关。矿体形成部位主要在核杂岩单元之上,超高压单元之下的拆离断层带。拆离断层对本区的矿化起了重要的控制作用。      

大气中的有机氮化合物及其向海洋的沉降

近几年的研究表明,有机氮化合物是大气氮沉降的重要组成部分,对全球氮循环的贡献不可忽视。介绍了大气中有机氮化合物的组成、测定方法以及存在的问题,综述了大气有机氮化合物向海洋沉降的研究现状及其对海洋生态系统的影响,并探讨了未来的研究重点。     

荒漠草原植物群落光合速率对水氮添加的响应

氮沉降和降水格局改变对草原生态系统的结构、功能及关键过程具有重要影响。依托内蒙古乌拉特荒漠草原研究站的全球变化实验平台,研究了氮添加和增减雨（+50%、-50%）及其交互作用对荒漠草原植物群落光合速率和植被特征的影响,分析了荒漠草原植物群落光合速率与植被特征的关系。结果表明：（1）短期氮添加对荒漠草原植物群落光合速率和植被特征没有显著影响（P > 0.05）;（2）降水格局改变显著影响荒漠植物群落光合速率（P < 0.05）,减雨50%显著降低了荒漠草原植物群落光合速率和优势种植物高度（P < 0.05）,而降水增加50%没有改变群落光合速率和植被特征,降水改变下的土壤水分能很好地解释群落光合速率;（3）氮添加和增加降水的交互效应显著提高了群落的光合速率和优势种植物高度（P < 0.05）,而减少降水与氮添加没有显著影响;（4）荒漠草原植物群落盖度、优势种盖度、优势种平均高度与群落的光合速率呈现出指数增加关系,解释率为40%~58%。干旱极大地抑制荒漠草原植物群落光合速率,而氮沉降则依赖于降水增加来提高群落的光合速率,荒漠草原植物群落光合速率与水肥处理下的植物生长特征具有密切的关系。     

乌鲁木齐机场2021年首场强浓雾特征及成因分析

摘要：利用欧洲中心ERA5 0.25°×0.25°再分析、机场HTG-3微波辐射计、FY4A新一代静止气象卫星、机场跑道自动观测系统(AWOS)等多源观测资料,对2021年11月16日乌鲁木齐机场浓雾天气进行观测、诊断分析。结果表明：机场历年首场强浓雾多出现和维持在11月的早晨-午后,以辐射雾为主,持续3～4 h,此场强浓雾呈现持续时间偏长,辐射和平流兼有的特点。降水后高湿、夜间辐射作用及地面西北风增大至4～5 m·s-1时,利于机场辐射雾形成和上游辐射雾的平流;地面辐合带与强浓雾区有较好对应关系,辐合带北侧为偏北风,南侧为偏南风,当近地面逆温层建立,利于辐合带内雾体爆发性增强;近地层小高压维持静稳流场、近地层东南风层、暖平流和逆温层加强并维持、300 m以下相对湿度95%以上及地面偏北风0～2 m·s-1,利于强浓雾维持;机场升温破坏贴地逆温,地面风速加大至2～4 m·s-1,破坏地面静稳状态,地面辐合带东移至城区一带,逆温层减弱抬升至城区上空时,机场强浓雾消散。对于浓雾监测,综合使用FY4A 的10.8μm-3.75μm通道差、0.83μm、2.2μm、3.75μm能很好的显示雾区范围、雾区温度、雾区移动、雾的消散等特征,利于浓雾区的识别和预报预警。     

四川盆地复合盆山体系的结构构造和演化

盆山体系研究是当前大陆动力学探索的热门。四川盆地周缘为造山带所围绕,盆地与造山带存在着耦合关系。系统地分析四川盆地和周缘造山带组成的盆山体系的结构和演化特征对深入认识四川盆地的构造和油气分布规律具有重要的意义。通过构造剖面的解释、沉积充填特征和陆源碎屑物源的分析以及同位素年代学的分析,研究了四川盆地盆山体系的结构、构造变形特征和演化历史。四川盆地与周缘造山带均以冲断褶皱带相耦合,构造变形在平面上和纵向上具有明显的分带性和层次性的特点。提出了"复合盆山体系和亚盆山体系"的概念,并认为四川盆地及周缘造山带组成了一个复合盆山体系,并由多个次一级的亚盆山体系所组成,各亚盆山体系是互相影响、互相叠加、互相干扰联合的。这在一定程度上丰富了盆山体系的认识。     

黄河三角洲孤东近岸冲淤演变及其影响因素

为更好地了解近40年来孤东近岸的演变过程,以研究区剖面水深地形、Landsat影像和利津站水沙数据为数据源,采用遥感技术及数理统计法对研究区域岸线及面积变化进行监测计算,并分析1976—1986年、1986—1996年、1996—2002年、2002—2014年4个不同阶段的冲淤演变及影响因素。结果表明:(1)孤东近岸经历"强淤积-冲淤平衡-侵蚀-强侵蚀"4个阶段。孤东近岸海域由淤积向侵蚀转变始于1996年,且在2002—2014年间侵蚀最为严重,大部分近岸海域蚀深达到6～8 m,侵蚀最大深度超过8 m;(2)等深线变化时空差异明显,蚀退最先出现在北侧,且近岸5 m水深区域内冲淤变化较水深10 m内敏感;(3)研究区近岸侵蚀,离岸淤积,剖面冲淤平衡位置由CS19剖面的11 m水深变化到CS21剖面的5m水深;(4)黄河入海水沙的减少、河口人工改汊、孤东大堤建设和海洋动力作用都对孤东近岸的冲淤演变产生影响,维持研究区冲淤平衡的年均来沙阈值为3.78亿t/a。通过此来进一步探究孤东近岸演变进程,为孤东近岸防护提供科学指导。     

基于可见光遥感测深技术的长江口南支河段河势演变规律研究

以长江口南支河段为研究区,利用LandsatETM+遥感影像反演的1999年水下地形和该河段2002年实测水深数据,结合长江口来水来沙现状和河段特征,分析了河段的冲淤变化和沙体迁移规律,提出了需采取的治理措施。研究结果表明:(1)从1999到2002年南支河段总体发生冲刷,年平均冲刷量为0.1926亿m3,河道内白茆沙、新浏河沙和新浏河沙包的沙头年平均后退467,374和421m;(2)上、下扁担沙之间由于串沟发育,两者有分离的趋势,沙体5m等深线的变动格局显示两沙体沙尾向下移动导致新桥水道上段水深加深、下段南侧水深变浅;(3)固定白茆沙和上、下扁担沙沙体,对维持南支河段航道的航运、稳定南北槽河势具有重要作用。     

Historic changes in flux of matter and nutrient budgets in the Bohai Sea

Over the past four periods （ 1959--1960, 1982--1983, 1992--1993, and 1998--1999）, the ecosystem of the Bohai Sea changed due to both a significant decrease of river water discharge from the Huanghe River and a reduction of precipitation. The shifts in nutrient chemistry could result in changes in the phytoplankton composition with an increased potential for non-diatom algal blooms. Simple box model was used to estimate the water - mass balance and nutrient budgets for the Bohai Sea. Water budgets indicate that the residual flow changed from out of the Bohai Sea before 1993, but became inflow to the Bohai Sea after then. The nutrient budgets developed indicate that the Bohai Sea was a sink for nutrients except for phosphate in 1959--1960 and 1982-- 1983 and for silicate in 1982--1983. Net water flow transports nutrients out of the Bohai Sea in 1959--1960, 1982--1983 and 1992--1993, but into the sea in 1998--1999 due to climate changes, such as precipitation and subsequent freshwater discharge. The residual fluxes of nutrients are minor relative to atmospheric deposition and riverine inputs. Conversions of phosphate values to carbon by stoichiometric ratios were used to predict that the system was net heterotrophic before 1982--1983 and net autotrophic after then. Nutrient budgets can explain the change of nutrient concentrations in the Bohai Sea except nitrates, which should include the surface runoff.