初至波相位走时层析

近地表速度结构通常是利用射线走时层析或菲涅尔体走时层析等反演方法得到的,但它们的目标函数仍利用射线走时残差构建,导致反演精度不高.为此,本文提出了基于散射积分算法的初至波相位走时层析成像方法.该方法的核心是:(1)提出了依赖于频率的相位走时概念;(2)利用依赖于频率的相位走时信息,而非单一的无限频率射线走时;(3)发展了一种改进的相位展开方法,即通过监测相位不连续性和2π周期判定来消除相位折叠现象;(4)考虑了地震波传播的有限频特征,即基于波动理论而非传统的射线路径或有限空间的菲涅尔体构建核函数.通过利用Overthrust模型的数值实验及与传统射线走时层析和菲涅尔体走时层析的对比表明:本文提出的方法是一种有效的初至波走时反演方法.同时,基于Overthrust模型的数值试验还证明了下列结论,即通过挖掘更多的走时信息的确可以获得更高的反演精度和分辨率.     

基于互信息量的地震信号检测和初至提取方法

本文将现代信息科学中的重要基础理论——信息论引入到地震信号的分析和处理中,提出了一种利用互信息量检测地震信号并进行初至提取的方法,给出了该方法的基本原理和具体算法.计算结果表明,互信息量随滑动窗口移动的变化情况可以明确标示出待测地震信号的存在,通过提取互信息量的突变点或峰值点,能够有效拾取地震波的初至时刻.这种方法还可以特别针对非传统的地震信号,如连续随机信号、随机脉冲序列等进行处理.在这些信号条件下,往往信噪比很低,波形随传播距离发生较大变化,传统的信号检测方法效果不佳,而这种以随机信号检测为基础的互信息量探测方法具有很好的性能,很有发展前景.     

基于水环境的青岛第一海水浴场旅游适宜性研究

利用2008年8月到10月对青岛第一海水浴场的水质监测结果,分析了青岛第一海水浴场的水质状况,对其旅游适宜性进行了研究,结果表明：青岛第一海水浴场内的水质情况良好,符合其作为海水浴场的水质标准,但是海水浴场内的游客活动对海水浴场水质的改变不容忽视。     

昆山50a最高气温变化特征

利用1961—2010年昆山逐日最高气温资料,采用趋势分析、滑动平均、小波变换等方法,分析了昆山市50a平均最高气温的变化特征,以及高温天气的气候特征。结果表明:昆山年平均最高气温整体呈振荡上升趋势,1980s后期开始上升趋势显著。50a的年平均最高气温存在着24 a、15 a、10 a左右的年代际变化周期以及4 a的年际变化周期。高温总日数从1990s起明显增多,21世纪以来高温总日数进一步增加。高温初日呈现逐渐偏早的趋势,终日呈现"晚—早—晚"的趋势,高温时间逐渐延长。高温过程发生在6月下旬至9月上旬,各级高温过程数都以7月最多,8月次之,21世纪前10年高温过程数最多。     

Tree-ring crossdates for a First Millennium AD advance of Tebenkof Glacier, southern Alaska

Tree-ring crossdates from glacially killed logs show that Tebenkof Glacier advanced into a forefield forest in the AD 710s and 720s. Recession from this First Millennium AD (FMA) advance occurred before the 950s, after which the ice margin readvanced in the 1280s to 1320s at the start of the Little Ice Age (LIA). A more extensive LIA advance was underway from the 1640s to 1670s, and the terminus stayed at or near its LIA maximum until the 1890s. These are the first absolute tree-ring crossdates for a FMA glacier advance in North America and support growing evidence from northwestern North America and Europe for a significant cool interval in the centuries around AD 500.     

全球大变局、大考验、大合作与地理学大作为——在首届世界地理大会上的主旨讲演

全球正面临百年未有之大变局。人类进入21世纪的第三个10年,一场席卷全球的大疫灾及逆全球化浪潮使得全球局势“变上加变”。“大变局”同时也意味着对世界各国是否能坚持“大合作”的“大考验”,即在全球范围内,各个地区各个国家之间,能否抵御单边主义、封闭和对抗的倾向,从而逐步实现“大合作”。地理学能够在问题意识、理论框架和研究方法上连通自然与社会,贯穿时间与空间,揭示人与自然和谐共生的科学机理,捕捉世界各区域的自然和人文地理特征,因此可以为全球可持续发展与人类命运共同体建设提供学理支撑。中国地理学研究要“赶上时代”和“引领时代”,关键在于坚持创新,坚持把创新作为中国地理学研究的核心。首届世界地理大会的召开,就是中国地理学家走向世界的新起点。世界地理大会未来要形成机制,定期举办,广泛邀请海内外学者参与,努力将世界地理大会打造成为具有广泛国际影响力的合作交流平台。     

Some aspects of the British Geological Survey’s contribution to the war effort at the Western Front, 1914–1918

The application of geology to warfare in regard to questions of water supply, ground conditions and access to strategic minerals has long been appreciated, and much has already been written on these aspects of the science. During the Great War of 1914–1918 the services of the British Geological Survey, under the directorship of Aubrey Strahan, were called upon to advise on such matters both at home and abroad. Surviving archived files at the Geological Survey allow us to examine some rather more unexpected applications of the science, particularly in regard to the European theatre of war. These files provide only a partial record of the full range of war-related activities undertaken by the Survey, but they do reveal more especially the application of petrography to aircraft compass design, forensic geology, and the choice of stone for war graves.     

RETRIEVING ATMOSPHERIC TEMPERATURE FROM NOAA-15 ATOVS MEASUREMENTS*

This paper describes briefly the sounding capabilities of TOVS/ATOVS onboard the NOAA polar-orbiting meteorological satellites,followed by a more detailed review of the retrieval schemes.The ICI physical retrieval scheme with some adaptations is implemented in our experiment.The analyses of the Chinese regional NWP model are utilized to create a rolling library of initial guess field.Retrieval results validated against both NWP analyses and radiosondes indicate good agreement between ICI retrievals and conventional observations.Preliminary result from the PC-ATOVS Windows display system of NSMC will also be shown.     

Extended model of topological relations between spatial objects in geographic information systems

This paper presents an extended model for describing topological relations between two sets (objects) in geographic information systems (GIS). First, based on the definition of the topological relations between two objects, we uncover a sequence of topological relations between two convex sets.Second, an extended model for topological relations between two sets is proposed based on the new definition. The topological relations between two convex sets are expressed as a sequence of 4 × 4 matrices, which are the topological properties of A^o ∩ B^o, A^o\B, B^o\A, ∂A ∩ ∂B. The model is also extended for handling the properties of the topological relations between two non-convex sets, where the factor of first fundamental group is added to A ∪ B to handle these complex relations.The results show that the number of topological relations between the two sets is not as simple as finite but infinite and can be approximated by a sequence of matrices.     

昆明滇池盆地新近纪象类化石

记述滇池盆地含煤层中首次发现的上新世剑齿象化石,包括脊棱齿象属的一个新种昆明脊棱齿象(Stegolophodon kunm ingensissp..nov.)、似元谋剑齿象(Stegodonaff.yuan-m ouensis)、玉溪剑齿象、师氏剑齿象等。这一剑齿象化石组合的发现,对研究新生代象类和滇池盆地的演化史,重新划分盆地煤系地层具有重要意义。