A 2000-yr-long multi-proxy lacustrine record from eastern Baffin Island, Arctic Canada reveals first millennium AD cold period

We generate a multi-proxy sub-centennial-scale reconstruction of environmental change during the past two millennia from Itilliq Lake, Baffin Island, Arctic Canada. Our reconstruction arises from a finely subsectioned ²¹⁰Pb- and ¹⁴C-dated surface sediment core and includes measures of organic matter (e.g., chlorophyll a; carbon–nitrogen ratio) and insect (Diptera: Chironomidae) assemblages. Within the past millennium, the least productive, and by inference coldest, conditions occurred ca. AD 1700–1850, late in the Little Ice Age. The 2000-yr sediment record also reveals an episode of reduced organic matter deposition during the 6th–7th century AD; combined with the few other records comparable in resolution that span this time interval from Baffin Island, we suggest that this cold episode was experienced regionally. A comparable cold climatic episode occurred in Alaska and western Canada at this time, suggesting that the first millennium AD cold climate anomaly may have occurred throughout the Arctic. Dramatic increases in aquatic biological productivity at multiple trophic levels are indicated by increased chlorophyll a concentrations since AD 1800 and chironomid concentrations since AD 1900, both of which have risen to levels unprecedented over the past 2000 yr.     

2012 年天津宝坻2 次有感地震的力学机制研究

利用地震仪器烈度分布、地震记录初动极性分布、近场地震序列Sg 震相剪切波分裂特征、震中附近应变仪器记录及深井气氦记录等,综合分析了宝坻地区2012 年MS 4. 0、MS 3. 5两次有感地震。研究发现,这2 次地震震级不大,但孕震过程可能伴有地下介质应力状态的变化,表现出震前半年北东东向加速压缩、北北西向拉张至MS3. 5 地震后该状态转缓的动态过程。2 次地震间隔期间地下积累应力疑似没有得到充分释放,地下微裂隙局部调整使得该地深井观测的稀有气体出现高值,MS 3. 5 地震后微裂隙重新闭合,稀有气体恢复背景值,同时地震剪切波快波方位角恢复到北东东向的背景方向。震中区附近的形变、测震、流体等观测异常有一定的时空对应性。     

CST-based first order second moment method for probabilistic slope stability analysis

Correlated random variables are commonly involved in probabilistic slope stability analysis, such as reliability analysis of slopes with spatially variable soil properties. This paper proposes a simple Correlated Sampling Technique (CST) for generating samples of correlated random variables. The CST firstly produces correlated standard-normally distributed samples through linear combinations of independent standard-normally distributed samples. Correlated arbitrarily distributed samples can then be obtained by the Nataf transformation. The CST was combined with FOSM (named CST-based FOSM) for probabilistic slope stability analysis. The slope reliabilities of a single-layered cohesive soil slope and a high earth and rockfill dam were analyzed to illustrate the CST-based FOSM. These illustrative examples indicated that the CST-based FOSM can accurately estimate the slope reliability indices with considerably fewer simulations (especially in the case of low failure probability) compared with direct MCS, and the slope reliability was sensitive to the correlation of the strength parameters.     

胶-辽-吉构造带中段古元古代辽河群早期构造事件(D_1)中构造要素几何学特征及其动力学来源

华北克拉通东部陆块中胶-辽-吉构造带在古元古代经历了复杂的变形-变质-岩浆事件。前人工作中,对于辽河群早期构造事件(D_1)的形成背景还存在较大的争议。本文针对辽河群第一期变形(D_1)中产生的各种构造要素,进行了详细的野外构造解析工作。D_1中构造要素主要包括了透入性面理S_1、褶皱F_1及其剪切带SZ_1。其中变泥质岩透入性S1面理劈理域主要由石英、云母、长石和石榴子石等矿物定向排列组成,矿物组合显示了绿片岩相变质作用。F_1褶皱包含了紧闭褶皱、倒转褶皱、鞘褶皱和平卧褶皱等。与D_1相关构造要素的几何学及其运动学特征都指示了D_1形成于挤压环境的动力学背景。此外,研究区辽河群内不仅可以观察到大量的倒转地层,还可见与第一期构造事件(D_1)相关的逆冲断层及其断层相关褶皱,同样指示了D_1形成于挤压环境。结合区域上变质作用和岩浆作用的资料,本研究认为:(1)南、北辽河群中泥质岩及其基性岩都经历了顺时针的P-T-t演化轨迹,M_2变质级别达到了中压环境,过程与地壳的挤压增厚相关,而不是与裂谷过程的低压变质作用相关;(2)花岗岩和基性岩的地球化学和年代学特征显示了胶-辽-吉构造带中段古元古代经历了俯冲作用的影响。综上,辽河群早期构造事件(D_1)受到俯冲挤压的影响,形成于俯冲(造山)背景。     

River Geomorphic Evolution Connected to Tectonics Around the First Bend of Yangtze River

The origin and formation time of the first bend are important scientific problems in the Yangtze River system and the evolution of the river system, even tectonic research around the southeastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. These problems have attracted the attention of many domestic and international scholars and they hold two different opinions. one is river capture hypothesis; another hypothesis is river natural adaptation to terrain. It is necessary to get reliable geological evidences and chronological data in order to reconstruct the evolution history of the Yangtze River. In the recent years, much work has been done to study the evolution history of the Yangtze River. Thus, it is possible now to integrate all the relevant chronological data and geological evidences to understand the evolution of Yangtze River.     

沾化凹陷渤南洼陷沙一段湖相富有机质烃源岩岩石学与孔隙结构特征:以罗63井和义21井取心段为例

以沾化凹陷渤南洼陷罗63井和义21井沙一段取心段为例,依据研究样品的热解、全岩与黏土矿物X射线衍射、有机岩石学、孔隙度、氩离子抛光+扫描电镜以及微孔隙结构等分析结果,开展了沙一段湖相富有机质烃源岩岩石学与孔隙结构特征研究,结果表明：罗63井和义21井沙一段取心段富有机质烃源岩主要由碳酸盐矿物、黏土矿物和石英组成,另含少量长石、黄铁矿和石膏,其中黏土矿物主要由伊/蒙混层、伊利石组成,由取心段顶部至底部,碳酸盐矿物质量分数明显增高,而黏土矿物和石英则显著降低,呈现由钙质或灰质泥岩至演变为泥质灰岩的特征,岩石构造类型包括层状、纹层状和块状3类;罗63井和义21井沙一段取心段富有机质烃源岩平均孔隙度分别为2.09%和4.43%,具纹层状构造的烃源岩具有相对高的孔隙度;主要发育矿物基质孔隙（即粒间孔隙和粒内孔隙）和裂缝型孔隙两大类,而有机质孔隙不发育,孔隙半径从十几微米至几纳米的孔隙均有分布,以发育孔径50 nm以上的宏孔为主。     

长江第一弯虎跳峡的贯通——来自于地表地貌和弹性挠曲的数值模拟分析

以往注入南海的古金沙江的袭夺及其相关的长江第一弯的形成不仅造成了南海一系列盆地内部充填物质的急剧变化，同时还记录了与南海北部边缘海扩张相关的构造活动机制的重大变革。尽管如此，由于缺乏直接证据，对于金沙江东流和长江第一弯形成的时间和机制还存在较大分歧。鉴于此，本研究通过TTLEM和LIFFE模型直接对虎跳峡的贯通和下切过程开展数值模拟分析。结果显示虎跳峡现今深切峡谷的形成是两阶段地表快速侵蚀的产物。而其初始的贯通应形成于中新世中期(~15 Ma)前后，和虎跳峡背斜的形成同期，与大理断裂系大规模走滑兼具逆冲运动直接相关。随后，进入第四纪(~2 Ma)以来，大理断裂系的构造活动由压扭转变为张扭性。虎跳峡由于地壳的弹性挠曲变形再次快速下切，剥蚀厚度达到~3 km，最终形成了现今的地貌样式。结合区域的其他研究结果，我们认为伴随着印度板块向欧亚板块之下持续的俯冲，青藏高原东南缘南东向的物质运移曾发生过一系列构造活动机制的重大转变，不仅引起了区域内断裂系统活动性质的转换，造成了大型水系的袭夺和重组，同时还与南海海盆的扩张和最终形成紧密关联。     

历史资料短缺地区估计地震活动性参数方法初探

在地震危险性分析中，历史地震资料是确定地震活动性参数的关键。鉴于我国西部地震资料记载年限短，地震活动水平高的情况，本文提出一种对中国西部地区如何使用有限资料，确定未来地震活动水平和合理估计地震活动性参数的方法。该方法是引入相对应变这一物理量，通过分析各地震带中强以上地震在时间上的相对应变释放速率，达到尽可能合理估计地震活动性参数的目的。     

青海盐湖集团一期工程采卤现状综述及可持续发展探讨

综合论述了青海盐湖集团一期工程采卤生产现状及存在问题,提出了一种“转卤补水溶钾”的盐湖补水方式,以引导盐田生产持续发展。     

矛盾符号比与区域构造的关系及其应用

通过十几年来对小震综合节面解矛盾符号比与强震关系的研究,发现矛盾符号比与区域构造有关.根据区域构造不同适当划分小区,则有的小区中矛盾符号比与强震关系明显,呈现“高-低-发震-高”的变化趋势.这样的小区形成强震孕育的“敏感点”其他小区则无明显变化.一方面可以从“敏感点”中捕捉未来大震的信息;另一方面,根据小区中矛盾符号的变化特点还可以判断地震序列的性质和预测强余震.