Stormwater runoff pollution in a rural township in the hilly area of the central Sichuan Basin, China

Stormwater runoff in rural townships has a high potential for water quality impairment but little information is available on strormwater runoff pollution from rural townships.To investigate the characteristics of runoff pollution in a rural township,a catchment(2.32 ha) in Linshan Township,Sichuan,China was selected to examine runoff and quality parameters including precipitation,flow rate,and total nitrogen(TN),dissolved nitrogen(DN),total phosphorus(TP),dissolved phosphorus(DP),particulate phosphorus(PP),chemical oxygen demand(COD) and suspended solid(SS) in 12 rainfall events occurring between June 2006 and July 2007.Results show that the annual pollutant loads were 47.17 kg ha-1 for TN,6.64 kg ha-1 for TP,1186 kg ha-1 for COD,and 4297 kg ha-1 for SS.DN and PP were the main forms of nitrogen and phosphorus in stormwater runoff.TP,COD and SS showed medium mass first flushes,in which nearly 40% of the total pollutant masses were transported by the first 30% of total flow volume.The peak of pollutant concentration appeared before the peak of runoff due to the first flush of accumulative pollutants in impervious areas and drainage ditches.The EMC values of TN,TP,DN and PP were negatively correlated to the maximum rainfall intensity,precipitation,total flow volume,and runoff duration(P<0.05,n=12),while EMC of COD and SS were not related to any rainfall characteristics.The FF30(FF,First Flush) for TN,TP,COD and SS were positively correlated to the maximum rainfall intensity(P<0.05,n=12),and TP was also positively correlated to the average rainfall intensity(P<0.05,n=12),indicating that the magnitude of first flush increased with the rainfall intensity in the Linshan Township.     

Optimization approach to automatic first arrival picking for three‐component three‐dimensional vertical seismic profiling data

A new, adaptive multi‐criteria method for accurate estimation of three‐component three‐dimensional vertical seismic profiling of first breaks is proposed. Initially, we manually pick first breaks for the first gather of the three‐dimensional borehole set and adjust several coefficients to approximate the first breaks wave‐shape parameters. We then predict the first breaks for the next source point using the previous one, assuming the same average velocity. We follow this by calculating an objective function for a moving trace window to minimize it with respect to time shift and slope. This function combines four main properties that characterize first breaks on three‐component borehole data: linear polarization, signal/noise ratio, similarity in wave shapes for close shots and their stability in the time interval after the first break. We then adjust the coefficients by combining current and previous values. This approach uses adaptive parameters to follow smooth wave‐shape changes. Finally, we average the first breaks after they are determined in the overlapping windows. The method utilizes three components to calculate the objective function for the direct compressional wave projection. An adaptive multi‐criteria optimization approach with multi three‐component traces makes this method very robust, even for data contaminated with high noise. An example using actual data demonstrates the stability of this method.     

RETRIEVING ATMOSPHERIC TEMPERATURE FROM NOAA-15 ATOVS MEASUREMENTS

This paper describes briefly the sounding capabilities of TOVS/ATOVS onboard the NOAApolar-orbiting meteorological satellites,followed by a more detailed review of the retrievalschemes.The ICI physical retrieval scheme with some adaptations is implemented in ourexperiment.The analyses of the Chinese regional NWP model are utilized to create a rolling libraryof initial guess field.Retrieval results validated against both NWP analyses and radiosondesindicate good agreement between ICI retrievals and conventional observations.Preliminary resultfrom the PC-ATOVS Windows display system of NSMC will also be shown.     

气候变暖条件下,中(高)亚洲地区不稳定型冻土的巨大挑战和创新解决方案:——来自首届亚洲冻土大会及会后青藏高原考察的总结报告

首届亚洲冻土大会于2006年8月5~16日在兰州、青藏线和拉萨顺利召开.大会讨论主要包括以下5个议题:1)冻土工程;2)山区和高原冻融灾害及冰缘环境;3)冰冻圈的气候与环境条件;4)冻土水文、寒区水资源及土地利用,和;5)冻土监测、制图及模拟.国内论文大多集中于青藏铁路各种科技创新和工程(示范)建设方面.中亚冻土分类、制图和监测研讨会明确了制定统一的中亚地区冻土图的计划和实施方案.会议期间,国内主要新闻媒体对全球15位著名冻土学家进行了联合采访.大约80位中外代表参加了青藏(公)铁路沿线考察,并于8月15日在拉萨举行青藏铁路工程和环境问题讨论会.专家一致认为,青藏铁路所采取的冻土工程措施基本上是恰当、有效的,能够保证青藏铁路路基的长期稳定性.但是,沿线寒区环境保护问题还任重道远,需要尽快进行综合管(治)理,以达到青藏地区社会经济和谐、持续发展的目标.     

高含沙河流的低温输沙效应——以黄河上游巴彦高勒站为例

黄河是世界上含沙量最高的河流,其上游沙漠宽谷河段的冲沙输沙效应受来水来沙和地形条件变化等影响。为研究高含沙河流在低温条件下的输沙效应,通过引入水温因子,建立了黄河上游沙漠宽谷河段巴彦高勒站的输沙率模型。基于First Optimization平台的通用全局优化算法率定参数,验证了输沙率模型,量化了高含沙河流的低温输沙效应。结果表明:① 水温越低(1~7 ℃),河道输沙率越大,表明水温对河道输沙率的影响主要表现在低水温时期;② 任意一种工况下,水温1 ℃时河道输沙率约为25 ℃时的2.5倍;③ 低水温(5 ℃)较常温(16.6 ℃)下的河道输沙率提高了40.7%,在黄河上游开河低温期进行大流量冲沙输沙是水沙调控的最佳时机。研究成果以期为黄河上游沙漠宽谷河段低水温高效冲沙输沙和其他寒区高含沙河流的治理提供技术支撑。     

用数值预报场间接对比新疆两种型号探空系统

利用2007—2010年近4年的探空资料对比新疆中、北部地区乌鲁木齐、伊宁、克拉玛依、北塔山4个采用GTS (U)-2型P波段雷达-电子探空仪的探空站及其周围的阿勒泰、阿克苏和库尔勒3个采用GTS1型L波段雷达-电子探空仪的探空站的探空记录与预报场的偏差值,发现采用GTS1型探空仪的3个探空站的探空记录不仅在同一观测时段而且08:00(北京时,下同) 与20:00两个不同的观测时段与预报场差值的差异小;4个采用GTS (U)-2型探空仪的探空站的探空记录与预报场的差值在同一观测时间的差异小,但08:00和20:00的差异很大;且GTS (U)-2型探空仪与GTS1型探空仪20:00获取的探空记录与预报场差值的差异小,但08:00探空记录的差异大。综合对比结果表明:2007年1月—2010年3月新疆自治区采用的GTS (U)-2型探空仪的探空记录08:00可能存在问题,用户在数据资料分析时需要特别注意。     

《国家一、二等水准测量规范》新旧版本的比较

《国家一、二等水准测量规范》(GB/T12897-2006和GB12897-91)对建立一、二等水准网的布设原则、施测方法、精度指标和技术要求等环节做出了规定。从这些规定出发,对新、旧规范进行了分析,比较了两者之间的变化,进而说明新规范的发布和实施对今后水准测量的开展提供了新的技术方向指引和技术支持。     

复杂构造条件下大型地下工程开挖局部不稳定块体分析与预测

锦屏一级水电站泄洪洞位于雅砻江右岸埋深大于100m的大理岩中,构造条件复杂,在施工开挖过程中产生大量不稳定块体,严重影响工程安全。本文以泄洪洞0＋210～0＋230m段中导洞现场工程为依托,根据所揭露出的工程地质条件,采用赤平投影、统计分析和块体理论等手段,对该工程段可能存在的不稳定块体进行了分析和预测。分析得到如下结论：（1）未开挖段不稳定块体由fxh-14、fxh-16断层与②、④组节理和开挖临空面切割产生,主要分布在右侧拱脚部位;（2）可能的大小主要取决于②、④组结构面的延伸长度;（3）搜索结果表明：未开挖段右侧拱脚处存在两处大型块体。经块体理论计算,其中由L一。。与②、④组节理和临空面组合而成的不稳定块体体积26．8m3,稳定性系数2．89。而fxh-14、fxh-16断层、②组节理与临空面切割而成的不稳定块体体积25．40,破坏模式为直接掉落,应施以相应的工程支护补强措施。     

锦屏一级水电站左坝肩边坡数值模拟

锦屏一级水电站左岸边坡工程地质条件复杂,特别是由控制性软弱结构面切割形成的楔形体对左岸边坡的稳定性影响较大。工程中已采用系统预应力锚索支护和抗剪洞回填对楔形体进行加固处理。为了解两种支护措施及其施工工序对楔形坡稳定性的影响,采用数值模拟方法,对支护措施在不同工况条件下,边坡继续开挖进行模拟计算。通过不同工况数值模拟对比分析发现,系统锚索支护对限制塑性区发展起到了良好的效果,抗剪洞回填对限制楔形体底滑面的错动有非常明显的效果,及时进行锚索支护和回填抗剪洞是锦屏一级水电站左岸边坡在施工期乃至运行期间稳定运行的有力保证,通过控制性软弱结构面的位移变化趋势判断边坡稳定性是可行的。     

近50 a中国霜期的变化特征分析

通过对中国霜气象观测资料的整理和分析,研究了1957-2006年中国霜期、初霜日、终霜日的时空分布和气候特征.结果表明,中国各地的霜期总体上是自北向南、自高山向平原逐渐缩短的,霜期长(短)的地区与初霜早(晚)、终霜晚(早)的地区非常一致.近50 a来,在全球增暖的背景下,中国大部分地区霜期在逐渐缩短,初霜日在逐渐推迟,终霜日在不断提前,1990s后这种趋势变得更加明显.霜期缩短显著的区域主要集中在我国东北、华北、内蒙古中部、江淮流域以及云贵高原和华南部分地区,而四川盆地和长江中下游部分地区霜期缩短的趋势并不明显,一些地方甚至略有延长的趋势.比较初霜日期与终霜日期的趋势变化,发现终霜日提前的趋势要比初霜日推后的趋势更加明显,这可能是由不同季节的增温幅度不同而引起的.