基于植被光合有效辐射资料研究中国地区植被大气反馈作用

本文采用中国地区基于卫星观测的植被光合有效辐射资料(FPAR)和月平均气候数据(1982-2000年)来分析中国区域陆面植被与气温、降水的反馈作用.通过计算和分析超前滞后相关系数和反馈系数发现:春、夏季FPAR超前气温一个月相关系数在全国大部分地区为负值,反映出植被生长旺盛,可以降低局地气温.春、秋两季气温与FPAR的同期相关系数较大.夏季降水超前FPAR一个月的正相关性反映出夏季降水对于植被生长存在促进作用.在中国长江流域以南区域,植被对于气温的反馈系数为一致正值,可达0.5 ℃(0.1FPAR)^-1;在30°N以北区域显示出一致的负反馈,可达-0.42 ℃(0.1FPAR)^-1.FPAR对降水全年反馈系数全国区域平均可达-2.12 cm month^-1(0.1FPAR)^-1.不同植被类型、不同季节的植被反馈效应也存在差异.植被反馈系数可以用来验证动态植被模式计算的植被大气反馈作用.     

Dynamics of suspended sediment transport and yield in a large agricultural catchment,southwest France

The dynamics of suspended sediment transport were monitored continuously in a large agricultural catchment in southwest France from January 2007 to March 2009. The objective of this paper is to analyse the temporal variability in suspended sediment transport and yield in that catchment. Analyses were also undertaken to assess the relationships between precipitation, discharge and suspended sediment transport, and to interpret sediment delivery processes using suspended sediment‐discharge hysteresis patterns. During the study period, we analysed 17 flood events, with high resolution suspended sediment data derived from continuous turbidity and automatic sampling. The results revealed strong seasonal, annual and inter‐annual variability in suspended sediment transport. Sediment was strongly transported during spring, when frequent flood events of high magnitude and intensity occurred. Annual sediment transport in 2007 yielded 16 614 tonnes, representing 15 t km^?2 (85% of annual load transport during floods for 16% of annual duration), while the 2008 sediment yield was 77 960 tonnes, representing 70 t km^?2 (95% of annual load transport during floods for 20% of annual duration). Analysis of the relationships between precipitation, discharge and suspended sediment transport showed that there were significant correlations between total precipitation, peak discharge, total water yield, flood intensity and sediment variables during the flood events, but no relationship with antecedent conditions. Flood events were classified in relation to suspended sediment concentration (SSC)–discharge hysteretic loops, complemented with temporal dynamics of SSC–discharge ranges during rising and falling flow. The hysteretic shapes obtained for all flood events reflected the distribution of probable sediment sources throughout the catchment. Regarding the sediment transport during all flood events, clockwise hysteretic loops represented 68% from river deposited sediments and nearby source areas, anticlockwise 29% from distant source areas, and simultaneity of SSC and discharge 3%. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

TEM中心回线法瞬变磁场求取和全区视电阻率计算

依据TEM法中心回线装置瞬变电磁场的衰减规律,给出了由实测的dB/dt求取瞬变磁场B的简单方法.详细推导了发射电流为斜阶跃波条件下由B迭代反演全区视电阻率的方法.为提高计算精度和速度,对计算过程中的积分、求导推导了解析表达式和采用标准数据库的方法计算含有概率积分的函数.对实测资料进行了计算,通过算例进行了验证和分析.     

Will the tropical land biosphere dominate the climate–carbon cycle feedback during the twenty-first century?

Global warming caused by anthropogenic CO₂ emissions is expected to reduce the capability of the ocean and the land biosphere to take up carbon. This will enlarge the fraction of the CO₂ emissions remaining in the atmosphere, which in turn will reinforce future climate change. Recent model studies agree in the existence of such a positive climate–carbon cycle feedback, but the estimates of its amplitude differ by an order of magnitude, which considerably increases the uncertainty in future climate projections. Therefore we discuss, in how far a particular process or component of the carbon cycle can be identified, that potentially contributes most to the positive feedback. The discussion is based on simulations with a carbon cycle model, which is embedded in the atmosphere/ocean general circulation model ECHAM5/MPI-OM. Two simulations covering the period 1860–2100 are conducted to determine the impact of global warming on the carbon cycle. Forced by historical and future carbon dioxide emissions (following the scenario A2 of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change), they reveal a noticeable positive climate–carbon cycle feedback, which is mainly driven by the tropical land biosphere. The oceans contribute much less to the positive feedback and the temperate/boreal terrestrial biosphere induces a minor negative feedback. The contrasting behavior of the tropical and temperate/boreal land biosphere is mostly attributed to opposite trends in their net primary productivity (NPP) under global warming conditions. As these findings depend on the model employed they are compared with results derived from other climate–carbon cycle models, which participated in the Coupled Climate–Carbon Cycle Model Intercomparison Project (C4MIP).

CMIP6云反馈模式比较计划（CFMIP）概况与评述

世界气候研究计划(WCRP)于2003年支持开展云反馈模式比较计划（CFMIP)。目前已经开展到第三阶段（CFMIP-3)。相比前两阶段的试验,CFMIP-3试验设计更加丰富、具体,除增加CMIP6 DECK和Historical试验的观测模拟器（COSP）输出外,还围绕着回答7个云反馈相关的科学问题,设计了Tier-1（必做）和Tier-2（可选）两类试验。CFMIP将气候模拟、观测研究和过程模拟等几个研究方向更紧密地联系在一起,并为理解和模拟云及其辐射反馈的气候贡献提供更深刻的认识和分析手段。     

高频瞬变涡动反馈强迫对东亚/太平洋事件演变过程的作用

本文通过位势倾向方程研究了高频瞬变涡动反馈强迫(TEFF)对东亚/太平洋型在低频时间尺度上(8天以上)的演变过程(EAP事件)的影响。一个重要的发现是,无论正位相还是负位相的EAP事件,在对流层中低层上,TEFF对其中、高纬度两个异常中心的演变均起着重要的作用。尤其是高纬度中心,在对流层中层,TEFF异常在盛期前可解释其增强部分的50%左右;盛期之后则起着减缓其减弱的作用。TEFF异常可分解为由高频涡动热量通量的辐合辐散引起的TEFF_heat异常和高频涡动涡度通量引起的TEFF_vor异常。两者在对流层上层相互抵消、下层相互叠加,导致TEFF异常在对流层上层(低层)的作用要弱(强)于对流层中层。就TEFF_heat和TEFF_vor的相对贡献而言,正位相的EAP事件中,TEFF_vor的贡献较大;但在负位相EAP事件中,TEFF_heat的贡献则增大至与TEFF_vor相当的程度。这种TEFF_heat作用在负事件中的增强可能是与贝加尔湖以东地区对流层低层上斜压性的加强有关。     

暴雨数值模拟中的CISK机理分析

将卫星反演的水汽资料计入MM5中尺度大气数值模式初始场，增加了模式初始水汽场的中尺度信息。并对长江流域暴雨个例进行了模拟试验。通过分析模拟结果，具体讨论暴雨中的第二类条件不稳定(CISK)机制，即揭示了初始场改进使得中尺度系统的“spin-up”时间提前，暴雨预报效果改善的物理机制。