气象因素对汕头市大气O3污染的影响

利用2014年到2016年汕头市O_3的逐日浓度资料,分析了O_3污染的时间变化特征,并结合汕头市国家基准气象观测站的同期地面气象资料,分析了风、混合层厚度、降水、大气环流等气象因素对O_3污染的影响,同时探讨了影响污染物浓度变化的原因。结果表明:不同于北方多数城市夏季O_3污染严重,汕头市的O_3污染秋季(9—11月)最严重,初夏(6月)污染较小,这与汕头的地理位置和气候条件有关。O_3浓度呈单峰型日变化,午后15:00左右浓度最高,夜间浓度较低。风速对O_3既有扩散作用,又有混合作用,当日均风速为1.7 m/s时O_3的平均浓度最大;O_3日均浓度与14时混合层厚度呈显著正相关,午后混合层厚度对O_3日内峰值有很大影响;O_3平均浓度在相对湿度60%时达到最大,高相对湿度不利于O_3体积分数的积累;降水对O_3的去除效果随着降水量级的增大而增大,汛期降水的去除效果与总体去除效果基本一致,而非汛期强降水(中雨以上)去除效果更加显著;出现轻雾时O_3浓度接近平均,出现霾时O_3浓度较高,出现大雾时不利于O_3的生成;当汕头市地面为冷高压脊、850 hPa为东北风场、500 hPa为副热带高压控制时,有利于光化学反应,易造成O_3污染。     

An Operational Precipitable Water Vapor Retrieval Algorithm for Fengyun-2F/VISSR Using a Modified Three-Band Physical Split-Window Method

The Visible and Infrared Spin-Scan Radiometer(VISSR) onboard the Fengyun-2(FY-2) satellite can provide valuable thermal infrared observations to help create a precipitable water vapor(PWV) product with high spatial and temporal resolutions. The current FY-2/VISSR PWV product in operation is produced by using a traditional two-band physical split-window(PSW) method, which produces low quality results under dry atmospheric conditions. Based on the sensitivity characteristics of FY-2 F/VISSR water vapor channel and two split-window channels to atmospheric water vapor, this study developed a new, robust operational PWV retrieval algorithm for FY-2 F to improve the operational precision of the current PWV product. The algorithm uses a modified three-band PSW method, which adds a scale for the water vapor channel in the improved three-band PSW method. Integrated PWV products from the radiosonde data in 2016 are used here to validate the precision of the PWV retrieved by the modified three-band and traditional two-band PSW methods. The mean bias, root mean square error(RMSE), and correlation coefficient of the PWV retrieved by the modified three-band PSW method are 0.28 mm, 4.53 mm, and 0.969, respectively. The accuracy is much better than the PWV retrieved by the two-band method, whose mean bias, RMSE, and correlation coefficient are 12.67 mm, 29.35 mm, and 0.23. Especially, in mid-or high-latitude regions, the RMSE of the PWV is improved from 10 to 2 mm by changing the inversion in the two-band method to the modified three-band PSW method. Furthermore, the modified three-band PSW results show a better consistency with the radiosonde PWV at any zonal belt and season than the two-band PSW results. This new algorithm could significantly improve the quality of the current FY-2 F/VISSR PWV product, especially at sites where the actual PWV are lower than 15 mm.     

河北石家庄市近地层臭氧浓度特征及气象条件分析

利用2016年3月至2018年2月河北石家庄市环境监测站O_3及其前体物质量浓度逐时和逐日观测资料,以及气象站逐日气象观测数据,分析石家庄市近地层O_3质量浓度的时间变化特征及其与前体物NO_2、CO和气象条件的关系。结果表明:石家庄市O_3污染2017年比2016年严重,2017年比2016年O_3超标日数增加30 d,超标率上升8%,O_3年平均质量浓度上升17μg·m~(-3)。O_3质量浓度具有明显的季节变化特征,自夏季、春季、秋季、冬季依次降低,5—9月O_3质量浓度较高,平均值超过160μg·m~(-3),6月达到峰值208μg·m~(-3)。O_3质量浓度的日变化表现为单峰型分布,最低值出现在07:00左右,峰值在14:00—16:00。太阳辐射强、气温高、日照时数长、能见度好、无降水和相对湿度较低的条件下,石家庄市易出现O_3浓度超标天气。前体物NO_2、CO与O_3质量浓度之间夏季呈现显著正相关,而冬季则呈显著负相关。     

利用FY-2F快速扫描资料分析对流初生阶段的云顶物理量特征

基于FY-2F静止气象卫星提供的2015年5—9月的高分辨率数据,通过温度阈值法识别出深、浅对流后,分析和比较了深、浅对流在对流初生(convective initiation,CI)至发展阶段中云顶高度、云顶快速降温率(cloud top cooling rate,CTC)以及多通道差值等云顶物理量特征的变化异同。结果表明:深、浅对流在CI阶段的云顶物理量特征具有相似变化特征,即云顶高度均在短时间内快速上升,CTC值均先减小后增大;深、浅对流差异表现为深(浅)对流云顶上升高度能(不能)超越水汽层高度;深对流CTC最低值较浅对流CTC最低值更低。基于CI阶段深、浅对流的CTC最低值的差异,通过个例验证,表明利用深、浅对流CTC最低值的差异,可以在识别出CI的基础,判断出CI是否发展成为深对流,从而能提前做出预警。     

3S技术在神农架滑雪场生态环境影响评价中的应用

神农架滑雪场位于国家级自然保护区的边缘地带。运用景观生态学原理和方法,采用3S技术,对滑雪场景观生态体系的结构和功能状况进行评价,通过景观多样性指数、景观聚集度指数等指标量化计算及比较分析,预测了项目建成后对所在区域生态完整性的影响程度及将造成的敏感生态问题。结果表明,评价区自然系统的生物量将减少430.26 t,平均净生产力降低为881.55 g/m2.a,项目建设不会改变林地的模地地位,其对生态环境质量仍有较强的调控能力。3S技术结合景观生态学方法将生态环境影响评价由定性评价转向定量预测,为建设项目生态影响评价研究作了有益的探索。     

Backward automatic calibration for three-dimensional landslide models

Back-analysis is broadly used for approaching geotechnical problems when monitoring data are available and information about the soils properties is of poor quality.For landslide stability assessment back-analysis calibration is usually carried out by time consuming trial-and-error procedure.This paper presents a new automatic Decision Support System that supports the selection of the soil parameters for three-dimensional models of landslides based on monitoring data.The method considering a pool of possible solutions,generated through permutation of soil parameters,selects the best ten configurations that are more congruent with the measured displacements.This reduces the operator biases while on the other hand allows the operator to control each step of the computation.The final selection of the preferred solution among the ten best-fitting solutions is carried out by an operator.The operator control is necessary as he may include in the final decision process all the qualitative elements that cannot be included in a qualitative analysis but nevertheless characterize a landslide dynamic as a whole epistemological subject,for example on the base of geomorphological evidence.A landslide located in Northeast Italy has been selected as example for showing the system potentiality.The proposed method is straightforward,scalable and robust and could be useful for researchers and practitioners.     

往复流作用下海底管道局部冲刷机制数值模拟

基于开源的计算流体力学模式REEF3D,建立了海底管道局部冲刷水槽数值模型,在验证单向流实验结果的基础上,进一步对往复流作用下的海底管道局部冲刷机制进行了研究,并作对比分析。研究表明,总体上往复流对管道所在海床的局部冲刷规模比单向流弱。当流向改变后,原先下游的堆积区转变成上游,优先受到冲刷,并填充到管道下方的冲刷坑,同时使水流在管道下方的作用减弱。这种回填过程使短周期下的往复流作用需要更长的冲淤平衡时间。在回填与冲刷的共同作用下,上下游的冲刷坑坡度会因流向变化而变化。     

隧道地震响应数值模拟研究

在进行隧道地震响应的数值模拟研究时, 横向计算范围和人工边界等对计算结果有很大的影响。本文以黄草坪隧道为研究对象, 应用有限差分程序FLAC3D对其进行地震响应的数值模拟研究, 将横向计算范围分别取为隧道洞径的5倍、6倍、7倍、8倍、9倍和10倍, 并分别采用FLAC3D中的截断边界、自由场地边界和粘性边界进行计算。研究结果表明, 当地震波为P波时, 横向计算范围取为洞径的7至8倍, 人工边界采用自由场地边界或粘性边界是比较合理的。      

FY-3B TOU与Aura OMI卫星臭氧总量产品的比对分析

通过FY-3BTOU与Aura OMI卫星臭氧总量产品的比对分析,检验FY-3BTOU臭氧总量产品的适用性.结果显示,两者的相对偏差(RD)在赤道、南北半球中纬度大部分地区为2％～4％,而在南北极区扩到4％～6％和8％～10％,从赤道到两极RD随纬度升高而增大;除南北极区外,其余地区RD月平均值均呈现出明显的季节变化特...     

小体积液液萃取气相色谱-质谱法测定地下水中的克百威与3-羟基克百威

克百威和3-羟基克百威是一对典型的农药母体及其代谢产物,由于其水溶性高、毒性大,可通过地表水或地下水进行长距离迁移,对人类健康和环境安全造成危害.以往通常采用液相萃取或固相萃取的方式提取样品中的克百威和3-羟基克百威,但这些方法操作繁琐、耗时较长,不利于室内模拟实验中多组样品的检测.为实现克百威与3-羟基克百威在地下水...