郑州城市空间扩展及其对城郊经济的影响

城市的形成和发展是一个时空过程,具有继承性,城市的空间扩展是该过程中的必经阶段。文章以郑州市为例,在分析了城市空间扩展的历史过程和动力机制的基础上,论述了城市空间扩展对郊区经济的影响,对人们正确认识城市空间演化规律、合理处理城市与郊区的关系具有重要意义。     

中国城市扩展对气温观测的影响及其高估程度(英文)

Since the implementation of the reform and opening up policy in China in the late 1970s, some meteorological stations ’entered’ cities passively due to urban expansion. Changes in the surface and built environment around the stations have influenced observations of air temperature. When the observational data from urban stations are applied in the interpolation of national or regional scale air temperature dataset, they could lead to overestimation of regional air temperature and inaccurate assessment of warming. In this study, the underlying surface surrounding 756 meteorological stations across China was identified based on remote sensing images over a number of time intervals to distinguish the rural stations that ’entered’ into cities. Then, after removing the observational data from these stations which have been influenced by urban expansion, a dataset of background air temperatures was generated by interpolating the observational data from the remaining rural stations. The mean urban heat island effect intensity since 1970 was estimated by comparing the original observational records from urban stations with the background air temperature interpolated. The result shows that urban heat island effect does occur due to urban expansion, with a higher intensity in winter than in other seasons. Then the overestimation of regional air temperature is evaluated by comparing the two kinds of grid datasets of air temperature which are respectively interpolated by all stations’ and rural stations’ observational data. Spatially, the overestimation is relatively higher in eastern China than in the central part of China; however, both areas exhibit a much higher effect than is observed in western China. We concluded that in the last 40 years the mean temperature in China increased by about 1.58℃, of which about 0.01℃ was attributed to urban expansion, with a contribution of up to 0.09℃ in the core areas from the overestimation of air temperature.     

Hansen系数及其导数的直接计算方法

回顾总结了7种Hansen系数及其导数的直接计算方法,比较分析了这些方法的计算效率和计算稳定性.研究表明:Hansen系数的递推关系可以用来判别计算结果的稳定性.最后指出, Wnuk方法(双精度计算)和McClain方法(4精度计算)是稳定的,可以用来计算人造卫星轨道摄动.由于大多数人造卫星采用小偏心率轨道,需要计算无奇点摄动,推荐使用McClain方法1 (4精度计算).     

堇青石低热膨胀机理研究

本文根据垄青石晶体结构特点和有关热力学资料,建立了堇青石热膨胀系数的理论计算模式:半定量计算方法,α=α_MgO × 1/3 × 2/3;定量计算方法,α=ΔS/ΔT/2/(a × b).分别计算了堇青石、印度石的线热膨胀系数,半定量计算结果:α=3.31 × 10^-6℃^-1(堇青石、印度石);定量计算结果,a=1.54 × 10-6℃^-1(堇青石),α=0.85 × 10-6℃^-1(印度石),与实验测定结果(堇青石:α=2.3 × 10-6℃^-1,印度石:α=1.0 × 10^-6℃^-1)吻合。     

高炉扩容中的关键性岩土工程问题

高炉属于特种构筑物,其扩容本身产生的加、卸载特征和一般建筑物的增层改造工程不尽相同,而有其自身的特点。从高炉扩容工程的特点出发,对高炉扩容改造实现的途径、荷载的组成与变化特征及其对地基变形的影响进行了讨论。结合工程实例,提出了天然地基条件下地基基础评价的主要内容以及必须注意的主要岩土工程问题。     

大城市边缘区城市化进程的实证分析--以南京江宁区为例

城市边缘区是城市地域结构的一个重要组成部分，是城市向乡村转化的过渡地带，也是土地与空间利用方式最富于变化的地域实体，其在城市化进程中最具经济、社会和环境的敏感性特征。该文以南京江宁区的城市化进程为案例进行实证研究，分析江宁区城市化发展的条件与背景，探索边缘区城市化进程的特征与驱动机制，并依据世界性趋势，推断江宁区城市化发展的模式与前景，以探求大城市边缘区城市化发展的对策。     

Semi-analytical solutions of two-dimensional plane strain consolidation in unsaturated soils subjected to the lateral semipermeable drainage boundary

The study presents semi-analytical solutions of two-dimensional plane strain consolidation problem in unsaturated soils incorporating the lateral semipermeable drainage boundary by adopting Fourier sine series and Laplace transform. The two-dimensional plane strain consolidation equations in the form of two-order partial differential equations with three variables are firstly converted to two-order partial differential equations with two variables, which are similar to those of one-dimensional consolidation problem. The four-order ordinary differential equations about excess pore-air and excess pore-water pressures are got by applying Laplace transform and the substitution method. Then, the solutions of excess pore pressures and settlement are achieved in the Laplace transform domain. Afterwards, on the basis of Crump's method, the inverse Laplace transform is conducted to obtain the analytical solutions in time domain. The comparison is conducted to verify the exactness of the obtained solutions, and the two-dimensional plane strain consolidation property with the lateral semipermeable drainage boundary is illustrated and discussed. Parametric studies are demonstrated for the excess pore pressures and normalized settlement with the change of the boundary parameters, air-water and lateral-vertical permeability coefficients, and the distance and depth. It can be found that the lateral semipermeable drainage boundary impedes the consolidation rate obviously, and when different investigated parameters are adopted, the consolidation property is similar to each other under the later permeable and semipermeable drainage boundary conditions.     

重庆市直辖以来的城市空间扩展与机制

本文采用以城市土地利用年均扩展指数来表征城市空间扩展强度及其空间差异、以关联度系数来刻画要素因子对城市空间扩展影响机制的研究思路,初步构建了一种以城市土地利用面积、自然、人文、社会、经济、生态以及其他因素相结合的指标系统,以此定量揭示城市空间扩展动态演变及其影响机制的评价方法。通过对重庆市1997年直辖以来近10年的城市空间扩展实证研究表明,重庆城市由直辖初期的"极核式"空间布局逐步发展成为由"分散集团式"和"集中型同心圆式"组合成的复合式空间格局。而经济水平的持续发展是重庆市城市空间扩展的主要原因,政府引导下的大型项目建设及市场导向的乡村工业化建设过程,是改革开放以来重庆城市空间扩展的主要影响要素和扩展机制之一。     

Spatio-temporal Characteristics of Residential Land Growth in Hefei of Anhui Province, China

We used the maps of urban land-use in 1978, 1991, 1994, 2000 and 2004, and softwares such as ArcGIS, Fragstats to analyze the spatio-temporal process of urban residential space quantitatively. Some methods, such as di- rection analysis and landscape pattern analysis, were employed. The results show that: 1) the residential land grew very rapidly in Hefei from 1978 to 2004, and the increased land was distributed mainly in the central city zone surrounded by a moat; however, after 1994, it was distributed mainly outside the 1th Ring Road; 2) the expansion speeds were very different in different directions: there exists a fastest expansion of residential land in the directions of NE-NNE, SW and SSE, and a slowest one in the directions of E and SEE; 3) the residential land growth went through four stages: slow circular expansion in 1978-1991, 'axes fan wings' expansion in 1991-1994, more rapid circular expansion in 1994-2000 and 'fan-wings' expansion in 2000-2004; 4) the expansion intensity was also different in all directions in the period of 1978 to 1994, and the most was in SW and then NW; and 5) there were more and more residential land area, and the spatial agglomeration was improved increasingly.     

青藏、伊朗高原地区300hPa温度场异常与我国降水的关系

青藏高原、伊朗高原地区下垫面的热力异常在300hPa温度场上有明显的特征,本文利用SVD诊断方法分析了300hPa温度场异常与我国区域降水的关系。分析表明：(1)伊朗高原南部和青藏高原中东部地区4月份300hPa温度与我国黄河上游以南地区5月份降水有显著的正相关关系;(2)高原大部特别是其南部地区4～6月300hPa温度与我国长江中下游以南部分地区7月份降水存在显著的反相关关系;(3)高原大部特别是其南部地区4～8月300hPa温度与我国黄河下游以南部分地区9月份降水有显著的正相关关系;(4)高原中部前一年6～10月300hPa温度与当年我国1月份长江中下游及以南大部分地区降水存在显著的反相关关系;(5)伊朗高原特别是伊朗高原中南部前一年6～10月300hPa温度与当年我国4～5月份长江中下游部分地区降水存在显著的反相关关系;(6)高原中南部9～10月300hPa温度与我国11月份长江中下游以南部部分地区降水存在显著的反相关关系。