关于海雾生成的探讨

分析海上雷达波的超折射现象，指出：海雾的出现总是在雷达波发生超折射之后，由此确定海雾形成时的大气结构特征，并对海雾的生成以及其出现时间有了新的了解。指出根据雷达波超折射现象可用来作海雾预报。     

Climatological Tools for Low Visibility Forecasting

Forecasters need climatological forecasting tools because of limitations of numerical weather prediction models. In this article, using Finnish SYNOP observations and ERA-40 model reanalysis data, low visibility cases are studied using subjective and objective analysis techniques. For the objective analysis, we used an AutoClass clustering algorithm, concentrating on three Finnish airports, namely, the Rovaniemi in northern Finland, Kauhava in western Finland, and Maarianhamina in southwest Finland. These airports represent different climatological conditions. Results suggested that combining of subjective analysis with an objective analysis, e.g., clustering algorithms such as the AutoClass method, can be used to construct climatological guides for forecasters. Some higher level subjective “meta-clustering” was used to make the results physically more reasonable and easier to interpret by the forecasters.     

AMDAR资料在天气预报中的应用

使用国内的AMDAR资料对几次重大天气过程进行了动力和热力学分析研究。结果表明：飞机在航站上起降时探测的高时空分辨率的AMDAR资料与其它资料结合能够较连续地监视机场附近气象要素的时空变化特征，进而捕捉到一些常规观测资料难于发现的引发冰雹等强对流天气的中尺度天气系统。该资料对稳定性天气大雾的定点分析和预报，较之常规观测资料有更好的业务使用价值。该资料不仅可为制作定点的临近和短时预报提供精细的预报依据，而且可在一定程度上增强对灾害性天气的认知和预见性。     

基于MODIS多通道资料的白天雾监测

根据云雾微物理性质的差别,用SBDART辐射传输模式模拟了MODIS通道1、6、20、31的云雾光谱辐射特性。模拟结果表明,这4个通道的辐射值中都包含有云雾的信息,能体现出云雾的微物理性质差异,可以用来区分中高云、雾和无云地表,从而实现白天雾的监测。在模拟分析的基础上提出一种白天雾监测的方案,并进行了实例分析。实例分析结果表明,这种多通道雾监测方法提高了白天卫星识别低云和大雾的能力。     

温泉县一次持续性大雾天气成因分析

通过分析2005年初春新疆温泉县出现的一次较罕见的持续性大雾天气发现:由于气温迅速回升、冬季偏厚的积雪迅速融化,在特定的天气形势及本地特殊的地形地貌影响下,水汽长时间达到饱和是此次大雾天气持续存在的主要原因。     

Fog harvesting: An alternative source of water supply on the West Coast of South Africa

Experiments conducted during the 1990s investigated the feasibility of using fog water to supplement existing water supplies in the arid west coast region of South Africa. Based on these results, a project was initiated aimed at implementing an operational fog water collection system to provide potable water to a small, water-poor rural community. A 70 m² fog water collector was subsequently erected on the crest of the hill located next to the mission station called Lepelfontein. The volume of water collected was measured by means of a water flow meter and a tipping bucket. An automatic weather station recorded rainfall, wind speed and direction. The data record spans the period September 1999–August 2001. This paper gives a brief overview of the methods used to select the experimental site and describes the design of the fog water collection system. This is followed by a detailed account of the water yields, the contribution of fog and rainfall to the total yield, the characteristics of wet events, the factors associated with water collection and water quality. On average, yields of around 4.6 l of water were collected per square metre of collecting surface per day with maximum daily yields approaching 4000 l. The quality of the water was excellent. It thus appears that fog water collection may have considerable potential as an alternative water source at many other locations on the west coast of South Africa. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

The Drop Size-Dependence of Iron and Manganese Concentrations in Clouds and Fogs: Implications for Sulfate Production

Differences in total iron and manganese concentrations between large (d > 23 m) and small (4 < d < 23 m) cloud and fog drops were investigated at four locations in the United States. The study examined coastal stratus and stratocumulus clouds in southern California and northern Oregon, frontal and orographic clouds at Mt. Mitchell, North Carolina, and radiation fogs in California's San Joaquin Valley. The speciation of iron as a function of drop size was also examined in some fog samples from the San Joaquin Valley. Total iron and manganese concentrations were generally higher in large drops than in small drops in clouds sampled at Mt. Mitchell and along the southern California coast. These species were typically enriched in small drops at the Oregon coast and San Joaquin Valley sites. Ratios of dissolved Fe(III) to total dissolved Fe ranged from 0.88 to 0.93 in small fog drops. Non-uniform distributions of iron and manganese across the drop size spectrum can influence rates of metal catalyzed S(IV) autooxidation. Approximately 50% of the sampled clouds were calculated to experience autooxidation rate enhancements greater than 30% due to variations in drop acidity and catalyst concentrations with drop size.     

厦门城市能见度和雾的特征与城市环境演变

利用厦门城市1980～2000年21年地面资料和探空资料，对能见度和雾演变特征及其物理成因进行分析，结果表明：厦门城市夏季能见度明显好于冬季，这可能与冬夏盛行风向不同，输送排放污染源地不同以及不同季节天气气候条件相关。厦门城市冬季和夏季能见度呈下降趋势，尤以夏季为突出，轻雾以上的频数也日益增加，其重要因素是城市的热岛效应。厦门城市能见度虽然明显好于污染较为严重的北京，但冬季厦门城市能见度与北京呈反位相演变趋势。夏季厦门城市能见度有着明显的日间变化，这与夏季海陆风日变化的垂直环流圈有密切关系。     

新疆雾的时空统计特征

利用1961－1999年39年新疆90个气象观测的气表－1资料，对新疆的雾进行了分析，结果表明：（1）雾主要出现在北疆，尤以天山山区最多。（2）雾日的年际变化波动性大，周期性差。（3）冬季雾日最多，多自午夜时分起，正午之前散，早上是高发时段，绝大多数的雾持续时间在3h之内，以持续1－30分钟，0.5-1h的最多。     

Fine-scale measurements of fog-droplet concentrations: a preliminary assessment

Measurements of warm fog-droplet concentrations carried out in a site in Mexico were analyzed with the purpose of identifying inhomogeneous sections of clouds. The site, located in the Sierra Madre Oriental of eastern Mexico, is characterized by frequent fog events throughout the year, sometimes accompanied with drizzle. Fog droplet concentrations and size spectra were obtained with a Forward Scattering Spectrometer Probe mounted on a ground-based, instrumented van for in-motion operation. The sampling technique, along with the data retrieval scheme used, allows one to investigate fine-scale microphysical structure of fog and to identify droplet concentration zones in cloud segments over spatial resolutions from hundreds of meters to tens of centimeters. The results show that a broadening of the droplet spectra towards larger sizes occurs in zones of decreased droplet concentration. This provides new information regarding fog microstructure at scales where important droplet growth occurs by condensation and coagulation. It is concluded that detailed knowledge of droplet spectra variations along fog transects provide further information for the characterization of cloud inhomogeneities.