Shifts in vegetation growth in response to multiple factors on the Mongolian Plateau from 1982 to 2011

The Mongolian Plateau (MP) steppe is one of the largest steppe environments in the world. To monitor the terrestrial vegetation dynamics on the MP and to ascertain what the driving forces, this study examined the vegetation dynamics in Republic of Mongolia (M) and the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region (IM) of China from the period 1982 to 2011, based on the satellite-derived GIMMS NDVI3g (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) data across three biomes (desert, grassland and forest). The results are as followed: (1) Vegetation coverage in IM was generally greater than that in M. Before 2002, time series of NDVI over the MP increased at an average rate of 0.05% yr⁻¹. Additionally, after 2002, the NDVI increased at a rate of 0.21% yr⁻¹. From 1982 to 2011, the area of IM and M with positive anomalies in the NDVI increased at a separate rate of 1.82% yr⁻¹ and 1.76% yr⁻¹, respectively. (2) At the biome scale, the inter-annual forest NDVI variation in IM and desert NDVI for the entire MP had a significant increasing trend (0.06% yr⁻¹ and 0.04% yr⁻¹, respectively). (3) Climate forcing was a dominant controlling factor affecting the vegetation, and the anthropogenic behavior exhibited no significant value in the whole region. However, overgrazing was the most important reason for the regional degradation, particularly in IM. (4) In the future, the forest biome will go to recovery, whereas both the grassland and desert biomes are predicted to degrade continuously.     

Behaviour of Coupled Modes in a Simple Nonlinear Air-Sea Interaction Model

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外源与孤波的相互作用对阻塞形成的影响

利用准地转涡度方程导出包括外源和摩擦耗散的强迫广义KdV-Burgers方程,分析表明,外源和耗散的存在是孤波质量和能量变化的原因,耗散使孤波质量和能量随时间呈指数减小。数值计算结果指出,移动性孤波和外源的相互作用,使孤波移速减小,振幅增大;在无耗散情况下,失谐参数α较小时,由于孤波迅速离开外源强迫区,因此不利于阻塞的形成;小耗散的存在,迫使相互作用过程中孤波在外源强迫区附近来回振荡传播,大大增加相互作用时间,可能是造成外源区附近局地阻塞的一种重要机制。     

副热带高压研究回顾及对几个基本问题的再认识

文中在回顾有关副热带高压研究的基础上 ,指出传统的观念在东太平洋副热带高压和西太平洋副热带高压的关系、下沉运动和副热带高压的形成、热带加热异常与副热带高压异常的关系、副热带高压与其周边系统的关系等问题上存在一定的局限。并根据近期的研究成果对上述问题给出新的认识。最后文中展望了在副热带高压的研究中需进一步深入的几个方面 :不同纬度相互作用、青藏高原的作用、时间尺度 -内部动力过程和外界强迫的相对重要性、非线性过程和角动量平衡问题。     

An Evaluation of Information Meetings as a Tool for Addressing Fear of Large Carnivores

Managing authorities in Scandinavia arrange public information meetings when members of the public express fear because wolves or brown bears approach human settlements. This study aimed to increase the understanding of the potential effect of information meetings on self-reported fear of wolves and brown bears. In total, 198 participants completed questionnaires before and after the information meetings. Nine follow-up interviews were held 1 year later. The quantitative analyses revealed that participants who found the information credible reported a significant increase in social trust and a decrease in vulnerability and fear. The qualitative analyses pointed to the importance of information content and meta-communication, for example, nonverbal cues. It is proposed that, among participants who find the information credible, information meetings may change the appraisal of wolves and brown bears, and therefore they might prove useful as an intervention to address fear of these animals.     

旅游资源开发利用的外部性及其治理

旅游资源具有公共属性,在旅游资源开发利用过程中相关契约的不完全性导致了产权界定不清,从而会导致负的外部性效果。在分析旅游资源开发利用的外部性问题的性质、特征及其治理难点基础上,进一步就如何治理此类外部性问题进行了探讨。     

657nm外腔半导体激光器的实现

对一种Littman-Metcalf外腔结构半导体激光器的实现过程作了报道.利用这种结构的光反馈特性,使原来自由运转时波长在660nm附近的半导体激光器在常温下能够调节到657nm附近,并且把激光线宽从原来的30MHz压窄到100kHz左右,连续调节范围大约为10GHz.这种窄线宽的激光器将用在钙原子Ramsey光谱的实验中.     

钙原子束光学Ramsey实验的初步工作

报告了实现钙原子光频标的前期工作—钙原子束的光学Ramsey谱线研究的初步工作,介绍了实验的系统方案、真空和激光器部分的设计以及部分已完成的工作。在得到光学Ramsey线形后,如果把激光器锁定在谱线上,就可以得到一个高精度的光学频率标准。     

GPS/重力边值问题的求解及应用

从分析GPS技术在确定地球形状中的作用入手，论述了建立一类新的大地边值问题——GPS/重力边值问题的意义，给出了GPS/重力边值问题的定义及数学描述，推导出GPS/重力边值问题的逼近解式，并给出了应用GPS/重力边值问题确定（似）大地水准面、地面垂线偏差及外部重力场的基本公式. 对GPS技术用于物理大地测量的优势及有待解决的问题进行了简要归纳.