Continuous versus event‐based sampling: how many samples are required for deriving general hydrological understanding on Ecuador's páramo region?

As a consequence of the remote location of the Andean páramo, knowledge on their hydrologic functioning is limited; notwithstanding, these alpine tundra ecosystems act as water towers for a large fraction of the society. Given the harsh environmental conditions in this region, year‐round monitoring is cumbersome, and it would be beneficial if the monitoring needed for the understanding of the rainfall–runoff response could be limited in time. To identify the hydrological response and the effect of temporal monitoring, a nested (n = 7) hydrological monitoring network was set up in the Zhurucay catchment (7.53 km²), south Ecuador. The research questions were as follows: (1) Can event sampling provide similar information in comparison with continuous monitoring, and (2) if so, how many events are needed to achieve a similar degree of information? A subset of 34 rainfall–runoff events was compared with monthly values derived from a continuous monitoring scheme from December 2010 to November 2013. Land cover and physiographic characteristics were correlated with 11 hydrological indices. Results show that despite some distinct differences between event and continuous sampling, both data sets reveal similar information; more in particular, the monitoring of a single event in the rainy season provides the same information as continuous monitoring, while during the dry season, ten events ought to be monitored. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

干湿-冻融循环条件下膨胀土的压缩及渗透特性变化规律

北疆供水一期工程穿越膨胀土区域,历经多次干湿-冻融循环后力学特性衰减严重,易产生渠坡局部浅层滑坡和冻胀破坏等现象。为深入研究其劣化机制,通过干湿-冻融循环条件下的压缩试验、渗透试验和SEM微观扫描试验,从宏-细-微观多角度分析其压缩和渗透指标的变化规律。研究结果表明：随干湿-冻融循环次数的增加,膨胀土整体压缩性增大,其压缩曲线可分为拟弹性段与拟塑性段;随循环次数的增加,回弹指数呈波动趋势,压缩指数与循环次数呈指数正相关,与细-微观裂隙呈线性正相关。黏土颗粒在循环作用下组成“团聚体-孔隙-填充颗粒”形式的较松散的临时结构,絮凝结构增加,各向异性减少;土样承受竖向压力时,膨胀土孔隙间距减少,压缩性较大;压力超过固结屈服应力时,团聚体颗粒扁角化、极角频率增加、孔隙压密,压缩性逐渐稳定。渗透系数在循环过程中变化分为缓慢、迅速、稳定3个阶段;渗透系数在第5次循环变化较大,第7次循环后逐渐稳定,与循环次数及表面裂隙率呈正相关趋势。渗透系数与各项微观参数的灰色关联度均大于0.65,微观孔隙率是最主要的影响因素;循环作用下微观孔隙发育明显,形成新渗流通道,渗透系数与微观孔隙率呈线性正相关。     

基于微雨雷达的六盘山区地形云降水宏微观特征观测分析

利用2017年6—11月宁夏六盘山区收集的微雨雷达和微波辐射计等探测资料,对比分析了六盘山区山脊和山谷对流云降水、层状云和浅积云降水过程中的云微物理特征及亮带,针对典型层状云降水事件山脊和山谷站的亮带及以下各层的雨滴谱分布特征,探索了亮带以上几层水凝物的分类。结果发现:六盘山区三类降水云山脊的反射率及反射率衰减程度均高于山谷,表明地形强迫使得山脊降水云的物理和动力过程较山谷更剧烈,层状云降水过程中山脊0℃等温线以上的反射率明显高于山谷,表明山脊在0℃等温线以上有更多水凝物。分析一次典型层状云降水过程发现:六盘山区降水液滴自亮带下落的过程中,碰并过程占主导;亮带以下各层DSD符合Gamma分布,山脊站Gamma分布的相关性比山谷站强且拟合优度更优;降水开始的前3 min,推测-4～0℃等温线之间的水凝物主要是霰,此后水凝物主要是雪颗粒和霰,而山谷在降水开始的前5 min,-4～0℃等温线层之间的水凝物主要是雪颗粒和较大的霰,此后水凝物主要是霰。     

Tephrochronological dating of varved interglacial lake deposits from Piànico‐Sèllere (Southern Alps,Italy) to around 400 ka

The sediment record from the Piànico palaeolake in the southern Alps is continuously varved, spans more than 15 500 years, and represents a key archive for interglacial climate variability at seasonal resolution. The stratigraphic position of the Piànico Interglacial has been controversial in the past. The identification of two volcanic ash layers and their microscopic analysis provides distinct marker layers for tephrochronological dating of these interglacial deposits. In addition to micro‐facies analyses reconstructing depositional processes of both tephra layers within the lake environment, their mineralogical and geochemical composition has been determined through major‐element electron probe micro‐analysis on glass shards. Comparison with published tephra data traced the volcanic source regions of the Piànico tephras to the Campanian volcanic complex of Roccamonfina (Italy) and probably the Puy de Sancy volcano in the French Massif Central. Available dating of near‐vent deposits from the Roccamonfina volcano provides a robust tephrochronological anchor point at around 400 ka for the Piànico Interglacial. These deposits correlate with marine oxygen isotope stage (MIS) 11 and thus are younger than Early to Middle Pleistocene previously suggested by K/Ar dating and older than the last interglacial as inferred from macrofloral remains and the geological setting. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

建立隧道掘进机产业促进我国地下空间开发

论述了国际地下工程建设动态，指出在地下工程建设中，优先采用全断面隧道掘进机（TBM）进行快速开挖已成料总的发展趋势；对我国开发隧道掘进机的历史和现状进行了综述，提出了存在的问题有利条件，对在我国建立隧道掘进机产业提出了意见和建议。     

边界层辐合线发展成飑线的数值试验

利用高分辨率η坐标模式，以一个实际飑线个例的常规资料为初值，通过嵌入一定强度的边界中层尺度辐合线，进行了边界层辐合线型飑线激发的数值试验，结果表明，飑线实例的大尺度环境场提供了累积的有效浮力能，小尺度积云对流则通过对流翻腾提供高层水汽凝结潜热加热和低层降温冷却，而中尺度幅合线通过提供带状辐合上升运动，起着胚胎和组织积云对流的作用，这样大、中、小三种尺度相互作用导致了边界层中尺度辐合线发展成为飑线。     

变步长显式完全平方守恒差分格式

综合隐式完全平方守恒差分格式和显式瞬时平方守恒差分格式的优点，针对一类非线性发展方程构造了一种通过自动调节时间步长来保持平方守恒性的显式差分格式。它基于加小耗散的思想，但又与小耗散法有所不同。本文取的耗散项不是一般的人工耗散，而是取能够弥补由于时间离散所产生的截断误差的所谓（时间）协调耗散。因此，该格式具有较高的时间精度。在数值试验中，该类格式可取得满意的效果。     

An Improved Splitting Method

In this paper, an improved splitting method, based on the completely square-conservative explicit difference schemes, is established. Not only can the time-direction precision of this method be higher than that of the traditional splitting methods but also can the physical feature of mutual dependence of the fast and the slow stages that are calculated separately and splittingly be kept as well. Moreover, the method owns an universality, it can be generalized to other square-conservative difference schemes, such as the implicit and complete ones and the explicit and instantaneous ones. Good time benefits can be acquired when it is applied in the numerical simulations of the monthly mean currents of the South China Sea.     

Estimation of the mass density contrasts and the 3D geometrical shape of the source bodies in the Yilgarn area, Eastern Goldfields, Western Australia

We invert 2D surface gravity data constrained both by geological and seismic information. We use a number of pre-processing tools in order to reduce the general multi-body inversion into several single-body inversions, whereby we can reduce the overall complexity of the inversion task. This is done with as few assumptions as possible. Furthermore, for a single-body inversion we uncouple the determination of the shape of the causative sources from the determination of their mass density contrast to the surroundings. The inversion for the geometrical shape of the source body is done in steps. Firstly, a rough 3D shape of the source is modelled—a model consisting of the vertical mass columns of equal height. The horizontal extension is implied by the surface gravity signal. Subsequently, the shape of each source body is modified to obtain a better fit to the surface gravity data. In each modification step, the overall change of the shape of the source body is followed by an update of the mass density contrast to the surroundings. The technique was applied to a set of gravity data from the Eastern Goldfield area in Western Australia. The area has been widely studied in the past. In 1999, two seismic profiles that cross-sect the area were measured. Furthermore, an extensive geological modelling for the area has been conducted. The practical goal of this work was to verify the geological interpretation using the potential field data (mainly the gravity data although magnetic data were also available) and only weakly constrained by the seismic information. The result was the reconstruction of the ‘rough’ 3D geometry of the source bodies and the estimation of a constant mass density contrast to the surroundings. A possible extension of this technique for detailed studies of the geological model is briefly discussed.