FIVE RED TIDE SPECIES IN GENUS PROROCENTRUM INCLUDING THE DESCRIPTION OF PROROCENTRUM DONGHAIENSE LU SP. NOV. FROM THE EAST CHINA SEA

A new planktonic dinoflagellate, Prorocentrum donghaiense I_a sp. nov., is described in the present paper. The water sample was collected from the Changjiang Estuary, the East China Sea. The species identification is based on shape, size, surface micro-morphology, ornamentation of thecal plates and the architecture of the pel‘iflagellar area and the intercalary bands as seen by fight and scanning electron microscope. Prorocentrum donghaiense Lu sp. nov. is compared with other prorocentrum species with respect to morphological characteristics and bloom behavior. It is not known whether Prorocentrum donghaiense Lu sp. nov produces phycotoxins like some other Prorocentrum species. Four other red tide species in the family Prorocentraceae (Dinophyceae), namely P. balticum, P. minimum, P.micans, P. triestinum, were examined and identified by light and scanning electron microscope. They have been recorded as bloom-forming species. Some aggregates of Prorocentrum are observed at the end of blooms. An event of strong discoloration caused by P. donghaiense could be detected by satellite sensor in the East China Sea in the late spring, of 1995.     

低渗透储层的微观特征对其宏观性质的影响规律——以榆树林油田扶杨油层为例

利用岩心物性分析、压汞曲线和镜下分析等资料,研究榆树林油田东16区块扶杨油层的宏、微观特征及二者关系.结果表明:研究区扶杨油层岩性为岩屑长石砂岩,普遍具有碎裂特征,主要孔隙成因类型包括微裂缝、粒间孔、粒内孔和晶间孔,微裂缝对孔隙度的贡献不大,但对渗透率的影响不容忽视.孔隙度主要受孔喉发育程度影响,孔喉半径越大,孔隙度越高.渗透率受反映连通程度的特征结构参数影响较大,二者呈正相关关系,且孔隙度越大,特征结构系数对渗透率的影响越大.退汞效率受特征结构参数影响较大,储层为中孔时,退汞效率随特征结构参数的增大而增大;储层为低孔或特低孔时,退汞效率随特征结构参数的增大而减小.该研究结果对改造低渗储层、提高采收率具有指导意义.     

等离子发射光谱法测定杜仲中的微量元素

将杜仲样品进行灰化处理,残渣用HNO3、HF、HClO4加热提取,用等离子光谱发射仪测定Co、Ni、Zn、Mn、Cu的含量。实验表明,杜仲中Co、Ni、Zn、Mn、Cu的含量较为丰富。分析方法简便,快速,精确度较好。     

Identification and micro‐stratigraphy of hyperpycnites and turbidites in Cretaceous Lewis Shale,Wyoming

Sandy hyperpycnal flows and their deposits, hyperpycnites, have been documented in modern environments and, more recently, in Cretaceous and Tertiary strata; they may be more common in the rock record, and within petroleum reservoirs, than has been previously thought. Muddy hyperpycnites also occur within the rock record, but these are more difficult to document because of their finer‐grained nature and lack of common sedimentary structures. This paper documents the presence of submarine slope mudstone and siltstone hyperpycnites (and muddy turbidites) in the delta‐fed, Upper Cretaceous Lewis Shale of Wyoming; based on field measurements, analyses of rock slabs and thin sections, and laser grain‐size distributions. Four lithofacies comprise laminated and thin‐bedded mudstones that are associated with levéed channel sandstones: (L1) grey, laminated, graded mudstone with thin siltstone and sandstone interbeds; (L2) dark grey to tan, laminated mudstone with very thin siltstone and sandstone stringers; (L3) light grey, laminated siltstones; and (L4) laminated mudstones and siltstones with thin sandstone interbeds. Two styles of mudstone grain‐size grading have been documented. The first type is an upward‐fining interval that typically ranges in thickness from 2·5 to 5 cm. The second type is a couplet of a lower, upward‐coarsening interval and an upper, upward‐fining interval (sometimes separated by a micro‐erosion surface) which, combined, are about 3·8 cm thick. Both individual laminae and groups of laminae spaced millimetres apart exhibit these two grain‐size trends. Although sedimentary structures indicative of traction‐plus‐fallout sedimentary processes associated with sandier hyperpycnites are generally absent in these muddy sediments, the size grading patterns are similar to those postulated in the literature for sandy hyperpycnites. Thus, the combined upward‐coarsening, then upward‐fining couplets are interpreted to be the result of a progressive increase in river discharge during waxing and peak flood stage (upward increase in grain‐size), followed by waning flow after the flood begins to abate (upward decrease in grain‐size). The micro‐erosion surface that sometimes divides the two parts of the size‐graded couplet resulted from waxing flows of sufficiently high velocity to erode the sediment previously deposited by the same flow. Individual laminae sets which only exhibit upward‐fining trends could be either the result of waning flow deposition from either dilute turbidity currents or from hyperpycnal flows. The occurrence of these sets with the size‐graded couplets suggests that they are associated with hyperpycnal processes.     

应用遥感影像预测皖南细微浸染型金矿的认识

本文详细论述了安徽省细微浸染型金矿成矿带的地质背景，利用遥感影像对其地质背景进行了解译，结合地质、物化探等多种手段，提出了２个细微浸染型金矿的成矿远景区     

显式中心差分有限单元法在复杂场地地震反应分析中的应用

简单介绍了显式有限单元法,并用此方法分析了有宏观调查结果的典型山梁对地震地面运动的放大效应。提出计算模型应更真实和应该用加速度峰值放大,山顶运动持时增长,谱特性改变三者共同解释山梁顶部震害远大于山脚震害的看法。     

基于降水微物理特征测量仪的雨滴形状观测与分析

利用自主研制的降水微物理特征测量仪开展降水观测试验,得到了大量的雨滴图像。研究了异常雨滴图像的形成原因和处理方法,以此为基础重点研究了在极坐标下基于Akima插值的数字雨滴图像矢量化方法,得到了雨滴平均形状特征和轴比分布特征。结果表明,直径小于1 mm的雨滴以圆形为主,在1.0~3.0 mm的雨滴以椭圆形为主,大于3.0 mm的雨滴逐渐呈现顶部凸起,底部偏平的形状;雨滴的平均轴比分布与经验分布一致,相互之间差异在±0.04 mm范围以内;雨滴的平均轴比与经验模型的差值在粒径3.4~3.8 mm出现峰值,该范围内的雨滴较经验关系具有更圆的形状特性。     

两种海洋单胞藻浓缩与保存效果的研究

研究了小球藻和球等鞭金藻分别用明矾和石灰水浓缩以及两种藻的浓缩液在常温(20 ±1℃)、低温(0—4℃)﹑冷冻(-30±1℃)三种温度条件下保存的结果,并对浓缩保存前后藻液的饵料效果进行了对比试验。 结果表明:(1)小球藻的浓缩以80±5ppm的明矾液及4%的石灰水效果最好;(2)球等鞭金藻的浓缩以100±10ppm的明矾液及6%的石灰水效果最好; (3)保存方法以加入保护剂甘油并置于-30℃ 冰箱中效果最好,小球藻和球等鞭金藻的存活率分别为95%和93%;(4)低温保存前后藻的脂肪酸分析结果表明高度不饱和脂肪酸(HUFA)的含量变化不明显;(5)用浓缩保存藻投喂中国对虾和轮虫的效果与普通藻无显著差异。     

Generation of a realistic 3D sand assembly using X‐ray micro‐computed tomography and spherical harmonic‐based principal component analysis

Three‐dimensional particle morphology is a significant problem in the discrete element modeling of granular sand. The major technical challenge is generating a realistic 3D sand assembly that is composed of a large number of random‐shaped particles containing essential morphological features of natural sands. Based on X‐ray micro‐computed tomography data collected from a series of image processing techniques, we used the spherical harmonics (SH) analysis to represent and reconstruct the multi‐scale features of real 3D particle morphologies. The SH analysis was extended to some highly complex particles with sharp corners and surface cavities. We then proposed a statistical approach for the generation of realistic particle assembly of a given type of sand based on the principle component analysis (PCA). The PCA aims to identify the major pattern of the coefficient matrix, which is made up of the SH coefficients of all the particles involved in the analysis. This approach takes into account the particle size effect on the variation of particle morphology, which is observed from the available results of micro‐computed tomography and QICPIC analyses of sand particle morphology. Using the aforementioned approach, two virtual sand samples were generated, whose statistics of morphological parameters were compared with those measured from real sand particles. The comparison shows that the proposed approach is capable of generating a realistic sand assembly that retains the major morphological features of the mother sand. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A three‐phase thermo‐hydro‐mechanical finite element model for freezing soils

Artificial ground freezing (AGF) is a commonly used technique in geotechnical engineering for ground improvement such as ground water control and temporary excavation support during tunnel construction in soft soils. The main potential problem connected with this technique is that it may produce heave and settlement at the ground surface, which may cause damage to the surface infrastructure. Additionally, the freezing process and the energy needed to obtain a stable frozen ground may be significantly influenced by seepage flow. Evidently, safe design and execution of AGF require a reliable prediction of the coupled thermo‐hydro‐mechanical behavior of freezing soils. With the theory of poromechanics, a three‐phase finite element soil model is proposed, considering solid particles, liquid water, and crystal ice as separate phases and mixture temperature, liquid pressure, and solid displacement as the primary field variables. In addition to the volume expansion of water transforming into ice, the contribution of the micro‐cryo‐suction mechanism to the frost heave phenomenon is described in the model using the theory of premelting dynamics. Through fundamental physical laws and corresponding state relations, the model captures various couplings among the phase transition, the liquid transport within the pore space, and the accompanying mechanical deformation. The verification and validation of the model are accomplished by means of selected analyses. An application example is related to AGF during tunnel excavation, investigating the influence of seepage flow on the freezing process and the time required to establish a closed supporting frozen arch. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.