泥页岩单轴抗压破裂特征及UCS影响因素

正确认识泥页岩单轴抗压破裂特征及UCS影响因素对探究泥页岩破裂机制、钻完井设计、压裂评价、微裂缝预测、测井解释及地震响应等方面均具有重要参考价值。本文在对国内外近些年有关泥页岩单轴抗压及UCS研究系统调研及近期研究成果全面分析基础上,对泥页岩破裂特征及UCS影响因素进行了综合分析。研究结果表明,泥页岩单轴加载曲线的非弹性段变形机制受微裂缝的滑动、新微裂缝的产生、扩展及孔隙坍塌的综合影响。泥页岩单轴抗压破裂呈张性或张剪性,张性破裂易发生于刚度较高、固结程度较强的部位;而剪性破裂易发生于刚度较低、固结程度较弱的部位。S型破裂准则可以较为准确的描述泥页岩从单轴到三轴发生破裂时所对应的强度变化。从地质学角度,对影响泥页岩UCS的因素进行了归纳,分别为矿物组成、层理面角度、分选性、微组构、有机质含量及分布、孔隙度、水分、微裂缝8方面因素,详细分析了不同影响因素的影响机制。在这些影响因素中,微裂缝由于分布特征复杂,其对泥页岩单轴抗压破裂及UCS的影响机制研究尚不深入。因此建议未来应加强泥页岩微裂缝参数的定量化研究,从微观尺度研究微裂缝对泥页岩单轴抗压破裂的具体影响机制,该研究可以为页岩油气勘探、开发提供科学指导。     

Patterns of surface downwearing on shore platforms in eastern Canada

Downwearing rates were measured on shore platforms at about 200 transverse micro‐erosion meter (TMEM) stations, over periods ranging from 2 to 6 years. There were seven study areas in eastern Canada. The platforms were surveyed and a Schmidt Rock Test Hammer was used to measure rock hardness. More than 1200 rock samples from three of the study areas were also subjected each day, over a 3 year period, to two tidal cycles of immersion and exposure, which simulated the central intertidal zone. A further 840 samples were subjected to longer periods of exposure and immersion, over a 1 year period, which represented different elevations within the upper and lower intertidal zone, respectively. These experiments suggested that tidally generated weathering and debris removal is an effective erosional mechanism, particularly at the elevation of the lowest high tides. In the field, mean rates of downwearing for each study area ranged from 0·24 mm yr^?1 to more than 1·5 mm yr^?1. Rates tended to increase with elevation in the field, with maxima in the upper intertidal zone. This trend in the field cannot be attributed entirely to the tidally induced weathering processes that were simulated in the laboratory, and must reflect, in part, the effect of waves, frost, ice, and other mechanisms. It is concluded that there are no strong spatial downwearing patterns on shore platforms, and that downwearing rates in the intertidal zone are the result of a number of erosional mechanisms with different elevation‐efficacy characteristics. Furthermore, even if only one or two mechanisms were dominant in an area, any resulting relationship between downwearing rates and elevation would be obscured or eliminated by the effect of variations in the chemical and physical characteristics of the rocks. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Two‐hourly surface change on supra‐tidal rock (Marengo,Victoria, Australia)

A traversing micro‐erosion meter was used to measure rock surface micro‐topography over 40 cm² on a supra‐tidal cliff face from early morning to late evening in late spring. From 06:00 hours to 22:00 hours the relative heights of 188 coordinates were obtained using the meter at 2‐hour intervals, resulting in a data set of 1607 readings. Monitoring shows that rock surfaces are dynamic entities, with significant rise and fall relative to the first measurement at shorter timescales than previously reported. The maximum positive rise between readings was 0·261 mm and lowering was 0·126 mm. The pattern of change did not relate as expected to environmental variables such as temperature or insolation. Rather, the surface showed greater surface change in the early morning and late afternoon. It is hypothesized that this pattern relates to the expansion and contraction of lichen thalli as moisture is absorbed during higher humidity in the morning and late afternoon. The implications of these results for weathering studies are considered. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

两次降水过程的微降雨雷达探测精度分析

垂直指向微降雨雷达(MRR)能够测量从近地面至高空的雷达反射率因子和雨滴谱分布特征,对认识降水微物理结构,改进雷达定量降水估计精度有重要作用。为评估MRR探测的雨滴谱分布、降水和雷达回波精度,利用南京地区夏季观测的两次降水过程,将MRR与业务S波段天气雷达、二维视频雨滴谱仪、常规雨量筒观测进行层状云降水和对流性降水下的定量对比分析。结果表明,MRR垂直探测的雷达反射率因子与S波段雷达观测在中低层(＜4 km)平均差异＜1 dB, 但高层(＞4 km)出现显著低估,且该现象随降水强度增强更明显,这主要是雷达回波衰减导致。MRR在回波强度＜35 dBz时对降水率的探测精度较高,但在＞35 dBz时低估降水。其中,层状云降水的降水率比对流性降水更接近雨量筒观测。常规雨量筒对0.1 mm以下的降水无探测能力,而MRR探测敏感度较高,对于微弱降水率的估计效果也很好。由于MRR最大探测范围的限制,相对于2DVD而言,MRR探测的最大粒子直径低估、最小粒子浓度高估,但在中间段的探测效果和2DVD雨滴谱观测一致性较高。总体而言,MRR是一个有效的降水探测仪器,其探测结果在层状云降水过程中优于对流性降水过程。     

西藏仲巴微地体中新世马莜木富钾埃达克质岩及其内暗色微粒包体的成因

西藏南部的中新世含暗色微粒包体的富钾埃达克质岩被认为是之前的大陆地壳在石榴子石稳定压力下发生部分熔融的熔体与同时期的幔源超钾质火山岩发生岩浆混合或混杂的产物。为检验这一观点,本文对雅鲁藏布江缝合带西段仲巴微地体内的中新世马莜木富钾埃达克质岩及其内的暗色微粒包体开展了岩石学、锆石U-Pb定年、矿物电子探针分析以及全岩主微量元素和Sr-Nd同位素测试等方面的工作。结果显示暗色微粒包体和富钾埃达克质岩具有相似的结晶年龄(～17.5 Ma)、矿物组合(石英+长石+角闪石+黑云母)和矿物成分,但暗色微粒包体比富钾埃达克质岩含更多的角闪石和黑云母,且具有比富钾埃达克质岩低的K₂O和SiO₂以及高的MgO、TiO₂和P₂O₅含量。除此之外,富钾埃达克质岩和暗色微粒包体还表现出相似的全岩Sr-Nd同位素组成：富钾埃达克质岩的(⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr)_i和ε_Nd(t)值分别为0.70933～0.70950和-8....     

陆相咸化湖盆页岩油甜点孔隙特征与成因——以准噶尔盆地芦草沟组为例

陆相咸化湖盆页岩油甜点孔隙特征与形成机制复杂,是陆相页岩油研究的关键科学问题。本文以准噶尔盆地吉木萨尔凹陷芦草沟组为例,综合应用岩石薄片观测、X射线衍射、高压压汞、氮气吸附、扫描电镜、电子探针、碳-氧同位素分析和成岩反演等方法,对此进行了研究。结果表明,以芦草沟组为例的陆相咸化湖盆页岩油甜点段矿物组成以长英质碎屑矿物和碳酸盐类矿物为主,黏土矿物含量较低,成分成熟度低,属于湖相混积岩。甜点孔隙以微—纳米孔为主,类型丰富,半径大于1μm的孔隙主要为粒间溶蚀扩大孔与粒内溶孔,100 nm～1μm主要为晶间孔,小于100 nm主要为黏土级碎屑颗粒粒间孔。沉积微相是控制甜点孔隙发育的关键,特别是滩坝相和三角洲前缘亚相原生孔隙发育,且抗压实能力强,粒间孔保存较好;溶蚀作用是次生孔隙形成的主要原因,进一步改善了储层物性;含铁白云石胶结总体上降低了孔隙度,但也在一定程度上增强了储层刚性,有利于部分孔隙保存。陆相咸化湖盆页岩油甜点孔隙演化呈现快速压实减孔、酸性溶蚀增孔和含铁白云石胶结减孔“三段式”特征,相互之间的匹配关系是控制孔隙发育的关键。     

非开挖管线精细探测方法分析

地下管线精细探测为在常规地下管线探测的基础上,针对工程建设中的重点区域、重点管线、疑难管线、特殊管线采用专门的仪器和方法,通过高质量、高密度或高精度的探测,为设计、施工提供更准确更详细的地下管线现状成果。其中非开挖管线的精细探测是重中之重且一直是业内难题。文中通过应用实例,验证了里奇SR-20结合微型示踪探头以及结合惯性陀螺仪定位技术在非开挖管线精细探测中的精确性和可靠性,根据场地条件和管线深度在这两种方法中进行选择,实现对非开挖管线的精细探测。     

藏南硅质岩显微形貌的对比研究

微组构信息对硅质岩的成因具有重要的指示意义,笔者以藏南四个剖面的硅质岩样品为研究对象,观察其各自的显微形貌特征,借此对其成因类型进行了研究分析。     

膜下滴灌微区环境对土壤水盐运移的影响

基于膜下滴灌特有的"膜中"、"膜间"、"膜边"、"膜外"微区环境,利用2011—2013年田间对比试验方法获取的5 960个数据,运用柯布-道格拉斯模型,构建膜下滴灌环境土壤层次、灌水定额、土壤水分、气温、蒸发综合因素与土壤水盐关系及影响效应分析模型.结果表明,在气候干旱、蒸发强烈灌区,地膜覆盖与滴灌结合的地表介面灌溉形式下,土壤水盐具有水平方向由"膜中"向"膜边"地表裸露区定向迁移,垂直方向土壤水盐则由下向上层运移且趋于"膜外"边界积累的趋势,尤其是气温与蒸发因素交互作用,推进膜下滴灌土壤水盐在地膜覆盖与土壤裸露区域空间运移,研究结果进一步揭示了膜下滴灌"土壤水盐定向迁移"形成机理,为膜下滴灌土壤水盐地表排放模式应用提供了依据.