电子探针化学测年技术及其在地学中的应用

主要对电子探针化学测年技术的基本原理及其相关技术作一介绍。并以其在地学中的具体应用 ,如对独居石、锆石的化学测年 ,证明它是一种分析快速、测试容易的技术 ,与传统的同位素法测得的年龄具可比性。此项技术对矿石的来源、不同矿物的不同环带、不同世代的成分演化乃至时间演化均可进行分析 ,并可使年龄数据点与成分数据严格对应 ,而且测试所需的样品量少 ,可进行单颗粒的测定。因此 ,当某些岩体的被测矿物有捕虏体成因、岩浆成因、地幔成因等各种来源时 ,可分别求出某单一事件的年龄。另外 ,利用碎屑独居石的 w( Pb O) /w( Th O*2 )比值来确定碎屑岩的源岩是一种新的方法 ,并指出了其局限性     

基于颗粒元模拟的含软弱夹层类土质边坡变形破坏过程分析

采用基于离散单元法的颗粒元程序,引用平行连接模型,通过数值试验,确定土体细观参数与宏观力学性质的关系,并据此建立含软弱夹层的类土质边坡模型。通过路堑开挖卸荷过程模拟,再现了大变形条件下坡体渐进性破坏的完整过程,并对裂隙的发展演化过程进行实时监测。模拟结果显示,含软弱夹层类土质边坡的破坏过程历经裂隙的形成、扩大、发展直至贯通,最终发生大规模滑移破坏;裂隙从滑坡体前缘和软弱层面开始,范围逐步扩大,呈现典型的类土质边坡的渐进性破坏形式;滑坡发生后,土体结构破坏严重,承载能力大幅下降。边坡滑移过程模拟和最终滑移结果与现场滑坡状况完全吻合,表明该方法适用于类土质边坡变形破坏过程分析及其机理研究。     

不同氮源对微藻增殖的影响

采用室内实验的方式研究了无机氮和有机氮对不同微藻增殖的影响情况。比较了不同氮源(氯化铵和尿素)对纤细角毛藻(Chaetoceros gracilis)、赤潮异弯藻(Heterosigma akashiwo Hada)、亚历山大藻(Alexandrium sp．)、隐藻(Chroomonas salina f.adolenscens)4种海洋微藻生长的不同影响。结果表明,有机氮尿素对海洋微藻增殖的影响比无机氮的复杂。由微藻最适生长的氮、磷浓度得到N：P值,讨论了该值对微藻增殖的影响,以及影响N：P值的可能情形。     

Studying the effect of non‐spherical micro‐particles on Hoek–Brown strength parameter mi using numerical true triaxial compressive tests

The strength parameter m_i in the Hoek–Brown strength criterion is empirical and was developed by trial and error. To better understand the fundamental relationship between m_i and the physical characteristics of intact rock, this paper presents a systematic study of m_i by representing intact rock as a densely packed cemented particle material and simulating its mechanical behavior using particle flow modeling. Specifically, the three‐dimensional particle flow code (PFC3D) was used to conduct numerical true triaxial compression tests on intact rock and to investigate the effect of non‐spherical micro‐particle parameters on m_i. To generate numerical intact rock specimens containing non‐spherical micro‐particles, a new genesis process was proposed, and a specific loop algorithm was used based on the efficiency of the process and the acceptability of generated specimens. Four main parameters—number, aspect ratio, size, and shape—of non‐spherical micro‐particles were studied, and the results indicated that they all have great effect on m_i. The strength parameter m_i increases when the number, aspect ratio, or size is larger or the shape becomes more irregular, mainly as a result of the higher level of interlocking between particles. This confirms the observations from engineering experience and laboratory experiments. To simulate the right strength parameter m_i, it is important to use appropriate non‐spherical micro‐particles by controlling these four parameters. This is further demonstrated by the simulation of two widely studied rocks, Lac du Bonnet granite and Carrara marble. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Micro‐sampling Lu–Hf geochronology reveals episodic garnet growth and multiple high‐P metamorphic events

We present Lu–Hf dates from multiple growth zones within two large garnet porphyroblasts by a micro‐sampling method. A single eclogite sample, taken from the Huwan shear zone in the Hong'an orogen, was investigated with Lu–Hf geochronology by micro‐sampling and traditional bulk separation methods. The sample contains a few large garnet porphyroblasts up to several centimetres in diameter and a second major population of smaller (0.1–2.0 mm) garnet porphyroblasts, comprised of dark cores and pale rims. Elemental compositions and mineral inclusions in the garnet appear consistent with two garnet generations. Lu–Hf dates (c. 400–264 Ma) were determined from twelve micro‐sawed garnet sections from two large garnet porphyroblasts. These Lu–Hf dates overlap with age peaks defined by 115 SIMS zircon U–Pb analyses from the same eclogite sample. Bulk analyses of smaller garnet separates define a minimum date of c. 306 Ma and a maximum date of c. 252 Ma for the dark cores and pale rims respectively. These Lu–Hf dates were interpreted to bracket the period of garnet growth and the broad interval from c. 400 to 264 Ma is best explained by protracted and episodic garnet growth, which may require that these rocks experienced two subduction cycles that were initiated during the Devonian and terminated in the Triassic.     

AMSU—B微波资料估测黑龙江省降水

本文利用搭载在美国NOAA-18极轨卫星上的AMSU—B微波资料定量估测黑龙江省降水,首先根据微波资料的特点,建立微波方程,即反演降水的原理和方法,再根据2010年6-8月黑龙江省877个加密雨量站资料,分析了利用该方法估测定量降水在黑龙江省的应用情况,其中分为典型个例的反演效果和6—8月整体概况的反演效果,并对误差产...     

钢管微桩+锚杆在狭窄场地基坑支护中的应用

在城市建设或工业建筑的改扩建中,经常在有限狭窄场地开挖基坑,为保护基坑周边建筑物和坑内施工作业的安全,基坑边坡必须得到安全可靠的支护。利用钢管微桩＋锚杆联合支护体系能很好地解决有限狭窄场地的基坑支护问题。通过2个工程实例,阐述了钢管微桩＋锚杆联合支护体系设计思路、设计及施工注意事项。     

一种能源微藻IOAC689S的筛选和优化培养

利用氯仿-甲醇(2:1)提取和气相色谱技术,对采集自渤海、黄海,东海、南海海域以及实验室现有的海洋微藻进行了总脂和脂肪酸检测,从中筛选到一株高产油微藻 IOAC689S,其油脂含量在快速生长阶段达到37.5%,其中可作为生物柴油开发的18C以下脂肪酸占总脂肪酸的91.03%.通过对其ITS和5.8S rDNA全序列进行...     

济阳坳陷下第三系湖相生油岩的微观特征

利用背散射电子成像技术、扫描电镜和能谱分析对山东济阳坳陷下第三系主要湖相生油岩的微观组构、成分特征进行了高分辨率的观察和分析,同时对其中藻类化石丰度进行了定量统计。结果显示,这些生油岩既有共性又有显著的差异。共性表现在它们都具有纹层状构造,而且有机质都特别丰富,呈纹层分布。差异性表现在纹层单元的成分明显不同:富有机质纹层页岩由有机质纹层和粘土矿物纹层组成;钙质纹层页岩则有两种情况:一类由有机质纹层和钙质超微化石纹层组成,另一类由有机质纹层和粗粒方解石纹层组成,粗粒方解石中含有钙质超微化石;钙质纹层泥岩由细粒方解石纹层和含有机质的粘土矿物纹层组成。生油岩中有机质的分布也有两种形式:一类是有机质纹层,另一类则是藻类化石层,如沟鞭藻化石层和钙质超微化石 (颗石藻 )层.